{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411143663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3577856","title":"A Lightweight Deep Optical Flow Network With Soft Threshold for Particle Image Velocimetry","display_name":"A Lightweight Deep Optical Flow Network With Soft Threshold for Particle Image Velocimetry","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411143663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3577856"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3577856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3577856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103540506","display_name":"Zhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7524-0322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","College of Control Science and Engineering, Institute of CyberSystems and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Control Science and Engineering, Institute of CyberSystems and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015344563","display_name":"Tehuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5370-4410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tehuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050543156","display_name":"Chao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2759-6364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","College of Control Science and Engineering, Institute of CyberSystems and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Control Science and Engineering, Institute of CyberSystems and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014873301","display_name":"Shengze Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0122-6864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengze Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","College of Control Science and Engineering, Institute of CyberSystems and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Control Science and Engineering, Institute of CyberSystems and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103540506"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79785905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9049999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-image-velocimetry","display_name":"Particle image velocimetry","score":0.8504871726036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-tracking-velocimetry","display_name":"Particle tracking velocimetry","score":0.6233009696006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/velocimetry","display_name":"Velocimetry","score":0.5770334005355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4914458990097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4501511752605438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-visualization","display_name":"Flow visualization","score":0.4176372289657593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3921911120414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3573804497718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3417474925518036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.33238089084625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.1634952425956726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.08840933442115784}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207857233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756248","display_name":"Particle image velocimetry","level":3,"score":0.8504871726036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177274176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140505","display_name":"Particle tracking velocimetry","level":4,"score":0.6233009696006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144836735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7919269","display_name":"Velocimetry","level":2,"score":0.5770334005355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4914458990097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4501511752605438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83893533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5462121","display_name":"Flow visualization","level":3,"score":0.4176372289657593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3921911120414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3573804497718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3417474925518036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.33238089084625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.1634952425956726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.08840933442115784}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3577856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3577856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7783627635","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301486","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8568986106","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LZ24F030003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8835057219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52441601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W764651262","https://openalex.org/W909561857","https://openalex.org/W1578285471","https://openalex.org/W1964443992","https://openalex.org/W1974949702","https://openalex.org/W1974991834","https://openalex.org/W1987508246","https://openalex.org/W1994976874","https://openalex.org/W2011145533","https://openalex.org/W2049117454","https://openalex.org/W2139231828","https://openalex.org/W2169150909","https://openalex.org/W2293846669","https://openalex.org/W2343371002","https://openalex.org/W2347053531","https://openalex.org/W2753953733","https://openalex.org/W2770660451","https://openalex.org/W2790999834","https://openalex.org/W2800227802","https://openalex.org/W2803198050","https://openalex.org/W2898783035","https://openalex.org/W2917818392","https://openalex.org/W2963782415","https://openalex.org/W2964156315","https://openalex.org/W2967686751","https://openalex.org/W2977117446","https://openalex.org/W2992617317","https://openalex.org/W3097424159","https://openalex.org/W3108086282","https://openalex.org/W3109908659","https://openalex.org/W3147597595","https://openalex.org/W3164221504","https://openalex.org/W3184670886","https://openalex.org/W3198586597","https://openalex.org/W3202863838","https://openalex.org/W3208339344","https://openalex.org/W4206744328","https://openalex.org/W4230753994","https://openalex.org/W4281678140","https://openalex.org/W4281994002","https://openalex.org/W4296701277","https://openalex.org/W4302406231","https://openalex.org/W4309001851","https://openalex.org/W4312892680","https://openalex.org/W4313480003","https://openalex.org/W4317932353","https://openalex.org/W4321434836","https://openalex.org/W4321482139","https://openalex.org/W4324324101","https://openalex.org/W4361298605","https://openalex.org/W4383821421","https://openalex.org/W4384029741","https://openalex.org/W4386083031","https://openalex.org/W4386518822","https://openalex.org/W4389539647","https://openalex.org/W4389568432","https://openalex.org/W4390871855","https://openalex.org/W4390874378","https://openalex.org/W4391924887","https://openalex.org/W4394596946"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2326809566","https://openalex.org/W1971519079","https://openalex.org/W4385318848","https://openalex.org/W2025913090","https://openalex.org/W2367421556","https://openalex.org/W2999271209","https://openalex.org/W4312291983","https://openalex.org/W2979738049","https://openalex.org/W2192110567","https://openalex.org/W1648134667"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Particle":[0],"image":[1,21,207],"velocimetry":[2],"(PIV)":[3],"is":[4,92,100,132,187],"a":[5,82,103],"key":[6],"technology":[7],"in":[8,30,75,94,102,184],"experimental":[9,77,199],"fluid":[10],"dynamics,":[11],"which":[12,45],"enables":[13],"estimating":[14],"global":[15],"physical":[16,203],"displacement":[17],"fields":[18],"from":[19,166],"consecutive":[20],"data":[22],"for":[23],"complex":[24,202],"industrial":[25],"problems.":[26],"Despite":[27],"the":[28,31,68,109,115,120,129,141,150,162,167,170,211,231],"advances":[29],"past":[32],"decades,":[33],"classical":[34,227],"PIV":[35,185,228],"estimators":[36,186],"rely":[37],"on":[38,67,193],"artificially":[39],"designed":[40],"parameters":[41,158],"and":[42,70,112,159,181,197,217,226],"post-processing":[43],"procedures,":[44],"may":[46],"be":[47,73,147],"troublesome.":[48],"Although":[49],"deep":[50],"learning":[51],"(DL)":[52],"models":[53,225],"have":[54],"provided":[55],"an":[56],"automatic":[57],"framework":[58],"to":[59,72,118,134,174,220],"achieve":[60],"similar":[61],"performance,":[62],"they":[63],"are":[64,154,233],"transitionally":[65],"dependent":[66],"datasets":[69,196,200],"difficult":[71],"extended":[74],"challenging":[76,198],"scenarios.":[78],"To":[79],"this":[80,95],"end,":[81],"generalized":[83],"lightweight":[84,98],"optical":[85,223],"flow":[86,224],"network":[87],"with":[88,201],"embedded":[89],"soft":[90,137],"thresholds":[91,153],"proposed":[93,212],"paper.":[96],"The":[97,152],"model":[99,125,213],"optimized":[101],"teacher-student":[104],"framework,":[105],"where":[106],"we":[107],"incorporate":[108],"teacher\u2019s":[110],"response":[111],"features":[113,142],"into":[114],"distillation":[116],"loss":[117],"mitigate":[119],"performance":[121],"degradation":[122],"caused":[123],"by":[124,149],"compression.":[126],"In":[127],"addition,":[128],"attention":[130],"mechanism":[131],"deployed":[133],"construct":[135],"channel":[136],"threshold":[138,168],"networks,":[139],"thus":[140],"without":[143],"useful":[144],"information":[145],"can":[146],"filtered":[148],"network.":[151],"considered":[155],"as":[156,178],"trainable":[157],"learned":[160],"during":[161],"training":[163],"process.":[164],"Benefiting":[165],"segmentation,":[169],"dilemma":[171],"of":[172],"sensitive":[173],"unfavorable":[175],"factors":[176],"such":[177],"noise,":[179],"obstacles,":[180],"illuminance":[182],"imbalance":[183],"alleviated.":[188],"Comprehensive":[189],"evaluations,":[190],"including":[191],"tests":[192],"synthetic":[194],"benchmark":[195],"scenarios":[204],"or":[205],"poor":[206],"quality,":[208],"demonstrate":[209],"that":[210],"exhibits":[214],"state-of-the-art":[215],"accuracy":[216],"efficiency":[218],"compared":[219],"previous":[221],"DL-based":[222],"approaches.":[229],"All":[230],"codes":[232],"available":[234],"at":[235],"https://github.com/wuwuwuas/LRAFT-ST.git.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}