{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411143393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3576957","title":"KL-YOLO: A Lightweight Adaptive Global Feature Enhancement Network for Small-Object Detection in Low-Altitude Remote Sensing Imagery","display_name":"KL-YOLO: A Lightweight Adaptive Global Feature Enhancement Network for Small-Object Detection in Low-Altitude Remote Sensing Imagery","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411143393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3576957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3576957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3576957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118406966","display_name":"Jinglong Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinglong Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China","School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629588","display_name":"Baoxi Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-879X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baoxi Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China","School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070332131","display_name":"Chaobin Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenjia Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100671981","display_name":"Hongyan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751792","display_name":"Feng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0992-6531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101994813","display_name":"Peng Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5472-5002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429274","display_name":"Juan Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4478-1758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foreign Languages, Xijing University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foreign Languages, Xijing University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751788","display_name":"Yuqian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1592-1790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088099650","display_name":"Zhe Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5661-8449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053118578","display_name":"Chunlan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunlan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114227649","display_name":"Xiaolin Ning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3563-3601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11838497","display_name":"Aviation Industry Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wq41p38","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11838497"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinning Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Aviation Industry Development Group Company Ltd., Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Aviation Industry Development Group Company Ltd., Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11838497"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019028925","display_name":"Hongjie Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjie Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5118406966"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3987,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97091742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.7385479211807251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7156914472579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6556265354156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6342555284500122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-altitude","display_name":"Low altitude","score":0.5987216830253601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5876882076263428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5806263089179993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altitude","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","score":0.48883455991744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.47101104259490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.45912301540374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.2868509888648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19164085388183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08083304762840271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.7385479211807251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7156914472579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6556265354156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6342555284500122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993172488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190200","display_name":"Low altitude","level":3,"score":0.5987216830253601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5876882076263428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5806263089179993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339495","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","level":2,"score":0.48883455991744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.47101104259490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.45912301540374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2868509888648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19164085388183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08083304762840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3576957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3576957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1177847606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-YBGY-036","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2793738321","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W2989611864","https://openalex.org/W2990763144","https://openalex.org/W2994494428","https://openalex.org/W3024404368","https://openalex.org/W3094644230","https://openalex.org/W3125509312","https://openalex.org/W3130394758","https://openalex.org/W3171660447","https://openalex.org/W3177052299","https://openalex.org/W3194790201","https://openalex.org/W3208645658","https://openalex.org/W3210586215","https://openalex.org/W4200154618","https://openalex.org/W4200634144","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4281790833","https://openalex.org/W4323845235","https://openalex.org/W4372347372","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4387757656","https://openalex.org/W4390187137","https://openalex.org/W4391584542","https://openalex.org/W4391992372","https://openalex.org/W4392086668","https://openalex.org/W4392939929","https://openalex.org/W4393185921","https://openalex.org/W4394711521","https://openalex.org/W4394862843","https://openalex.org/W4395093766","https://openalex.org/W4396877901","https://openalex.org/W4398756379","https://openalex.org/W4400111306","https://openalex.org/W6788520541","https://openalex.org/W6798838024","https://openalex.org/W6849535052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2945563562","https://openalex.org/W2087911195","https://openalex.org/W2406921723","https://openalex.org/W2386865535","https://openalex.org/W2353302948","https://openalex.org/W2372292493","https://openalex.org/W1510008292","https://openalex.org/W4237620542","https://openalex.org/W2366663192","https://openalex.org/W2361714509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"advanced":[1],"object":[2,27,62,84],"detection":[3,28,85,258],"technology,":[4],"drones":[5],"can":[6],"achieve":[7],"long-distance,":[8],"efficient":[9],"monitoring":[10],"and":[11,23,56,106,136,202,252],"target":[12,109,138],"recognition,":[13],"which":[14],"widely":[15],"applied":[16],"in":[17,53,86,128,172],"fields":[18],"such":[19,39],"as":[20,40],"military,":[21],"agriculture,":[22],"rescue":[24],"works.":[25],"However,":[26],"based":[29,79],"on":[30,80,219],"UAVs":[31],"is":[32,126,155,193],"confronted":[33],"with":[34,234],"a":[35,71,94,187],"multitude":[36],"of":[37,49,167,169,232],"challenges,":[38,67],"motion":[41],"blur":[42],"due":[43,60,213],"to":[44,61,100,104,131,142,157,174,179,195,208,214],"high":[45,47],"speed,":[46],"proportions":[48],"small":[50,83,108,180,261],"targets,":[51],"difficulty":[52],"feature":[54,75,119,209],"extraction,":[55],"decreased":[57],"recognition":[58],"accuracy":[59],"occlusion.":[63],"To":[64],"address":[65],"these":[66],"this":[68],"paper":[69],"proposes":[70],"lightweight":[72],"adaptive":[73],"global":[74],"enhancement":[76],"network":[77],"(KL-YOLO)":[78],"YOLOv8n":[81],"for":[82,260],"low-altitude":[87],"remote":[88],"sensing":[89],"images.The":[90],"proposed":[91,226],"model":[92,228,247],"adds":[93],"Tiny":[95],"Object":[96],"Detection":[97],"Layer":[98],"(TODL)":[99],"improve":[101,175],"the":[102,118,129,147,164,176,183,220,225,243,246],"ability":[103],"collect":[105],"detect":[107],"semantic":[110],"information":[111,116,135],"by":[112,250,254],"extracting":[113],"more":[114],"fine-grained":[115],"from":[117],"maps.":[120],"A":[121],"Global":[122],"Attention":[123],"Mechanism":[124],"(GAM)":[125],"introduced":[127,156],"backbone":[130],"suppress":[132],"irrelevant":[133],"background":[134],"highlight":[137],"regions,":[139],"enhancing":[140,257],"adaptability":[141],"varying":[143],"scales.":[144],"In":[145],"addition,":[146],"WIoUv3":[148],"bounding":[149],"box":[150],"regression":[151,184],"(BBR)":[152],"loss":[153,165,212],"function":[154],"utilize":[158],"its":[159],"weighting":[160],"mechanism,":[161],"dynamically":[162],"adjusting":[163],"contributions":[166],"targets":[168],"different":[170,200],"sizes,":[171],"order":[173],"model\u2019s":[177],"sensitivity":[178],"objects":[181],"during":[182],"stage.":[185],"Finally,":[186],"Dynamic":[188],"Head":[189],"(DyHead)":[190],"integrating":[191],"self-attention":[192],"employed":[194],"adaptively":[196],"aggregate":[197],"features":[198],"at":[199],"scales":[201],"generate":[203],"weights,":[204],"addressing":[205],"issues":[206],"related":[207],"map":[210],"resolution":[211],"downsampling.":[215],"Extensive":[216],"experiments":[217],"conducted":[218],"VisDrone2019":[221],"dataset":[222],"demonstrate":[223],"that":[224],"KL-YOLO":[227],"achieves":[229],"an":[230,239],"mAP@0.5":[231],"43.1%":[233],"only":[235],"3.16MB":[236],"parameters,":[237],"representing":[238],"8.0%":[240],"improvement":[241],"over":[242],"baseline.":[244],"Furthermore,":[245],"improves":[248],"precision":[249],"9.7%":[251],"recall":[253],"5.3%,":[255],"effectively":[256],"performance":[259],"objects.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}