{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410950043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3575990","title":"Papercraft Doppler Radar Measurements Based on Covariance Eigenvalue Spectrum-Assisted Empirical Mode Decomposition","display_name":"Papercraft Doppler Radar Measurements Based on Covariance Eigenvalue Spectrum-Assisted Empirical Mode Decomposition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410950043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3575990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3575990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3575990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087977190","display_name":"Enes Ata\u00e7","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0694-610X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120217413","display_name":"Izmir Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03stptj97","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120217413"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Enes Ata\u00e7","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, &#x0130;zmir Institute of Technology, &#x0130;zmir, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0694-610X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, &#x0130;zmir Institute of Technology, &#x0130;zmir, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120217413"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063953911","display_name":"Fatih Onay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1396-2885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120217413","display_name":"Izmir Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03stptj97","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120217413"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatih Onay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, &#x0130;zmir Institute of Technology, &#x0130;zmir, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1396-2885","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, &#x0130;zmir Institute of Technology, &#x0130;zmir, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120217413"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069126229","display_name":"An\u0131l Karatay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4516-3028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120217413","display_name":"Izmir Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03stptj97","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120217413"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An\u0131l Karatay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, &#x0130;zmir Institute of Technology, &#x0130;zmir, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4516-3028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, &#x0130;zmir Institute of Technology, &#x0130;zmir, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120217413"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087977190"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120217413"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5993,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96811688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9502999782562256,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9348000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.676708996295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-radar","display_name":"Doppler radar","score":0.5072688460350037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","score":0.4906712770462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4816959798336029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.4806755483150482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eigenvalues-and-eigenvectors","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","score":0.4692630171775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert\u2013huang-transform","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","score":0.4456188380718231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.43867695331573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3811703026294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3750618100166321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3635498285293579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.35521072149276733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3460307717323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.32916486263275146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3232772648334503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2275097370147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21417024731636047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1821233630180359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1439666748046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-noise","display_name":"White noise","score":0.08521908521652222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.676708996295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.5072688460350037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156778621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365748","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4906712770462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4816959798336029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.4806755483150482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.4692630171775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25570617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006462","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","level":3,"score":0.4456188380718231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.43867695331573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3811703026294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3750618100166321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3635498285293579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.35521072149276733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3460307717323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32916486263275146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3232772648334503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2275097370147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21417024731636047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1821233630180359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1439666748046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112633086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381287","display_name":"White noise","level":2,"score":0.08521908521652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3575990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3575990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gcris.iyte.edu.tr:11147/15689","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11147/15689","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400894","display_name":"\u0130YTE (\u0130ZM\u0130R Y\u00dcKSEK TEKNOLOJ\u0130 ENST\u0130T\u00dcS\u00dc)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I120217413","host_organization_name":"Izmir Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120217413"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979051317","https://openalex.org/W2000798729","https://openalex.org/W2007221293","https://openalex.org/W2027663688","https://openalex.org/W2035960432","https://openalex.org/W2042458425","https://openalex.org/W2059307943","https://openalex.org/W2066980082","https://openalex.org/W2082515248","https://openalex.org/W2116871167","https://openalex.org/W2138402108","https://openalex.org/W2143512742","https://openalex.org/W2143690990","https://openalex.org/W2148317183","https://openalex.org/W2216666008","https://openalex.org/W2318797719","https://openalex.org/W2504269068","https://openalex.org/W2611645201","https://openalex.org/W2750513898","https://openalex.org/W2776989546","https://openalex.org/W2793343637","https://openalex.org/W2801076518","https://openalex.org/W2916455725","https://openalex.org/W2942292355","https://openalex.org/W2943115251","https://openalex.org/W2988278189","https://openalex.org/W3088009078","https://openalex.org/W3107207832","https://openalex.org/W3109321937","https://openalex.org/W3126649759","https://openalex.org/W4225660138","https://openalex.org/W4387447992","https://openalex.org/W4387817792","https://openalex.org/W4389170200","https://openalex.org/W4389897628"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978025251","https://openalex.org/W2361241744","https://openalex.org/W2086314607","https://openalex.org/W2235285389","https://openalex.org/W4252012301","https://openalex.org/W2581209175","https://openalex.org/W2900664875","https://openalex.org/W2022955050","https://openalex.org/W2944876982","https://openalex.org/W4381745278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Doppler":[0,24,68,98],"radar":[1,25,41,69,99,119,154],"systems":[2],"encounter":[3],"challenges":[4,44],"due":[5,45],"to":[6,46,52,54,75,157],"their":[7],"high":[8,72],"costs,":[9],"cumbersome":[10],"designs,":[11],"and":[12,33,79,122,143,149,168],"heavy":[13],"weights,":[14],"especially":[15],"in":[16,84],"resource-limited":[17],"environments.":[18],"As":[19],"a":[20,29,60,96],"promising":[21],"alternative,":[22],"papercraft":[23,67,97,118],"has":[26],"emerged,":[27],"offering":[28],"lightweight,":[30],"easily":[31],"deployable":[32],"cost-effective":[34],"solution.":[35],"However,":[36],"despite":[37],"many":[38],"advantages,":[39],"papercraft-based":[40],"faces":[42],"inherent":[43],"the":[47,91,101,114,117,135,141,152,158,160],"material":[48],"used,":[49],"which":[50,138],"leads":[51],"vulnerability":[53],"external":[55],"stimuli.":[56,89],"In":[57],"this":[58],"paper,":[59],"novel":[61],"method":[62,162],"is":[63,132],"proposed":[64,102,161],"demonstrating":[65],"that":[66],"can":[70],"achieve":[71],"performance":[73,115],"comparable":[74],"its":[76],"aluminum":[77],"counterparts":[78],"perform":[80],"multi-target":[81,123,165],"detection":[82,167],"even":[83],"noisy":[85],"environment":[86],"with":[87,100],"multiple":[88],"For":[90],"first":[92],"time,":[93],"we":[94],"integrate":[95],"Covariance":[103],"Eigenvalue":[104],"Spectrum":[105],"(CES)-assisted":[106],"Empirical":[107],"Mode":[108],"Decomposition":[109],"(EMD)":[110],"method,":[111],"significantly":[112,163],"improving":[113],"of":[116,151],"system.":[120],"Single":[121],"detection,":[124],"exploiting":[125],"proper":[126,147],"intrinsic":[127],"mode":[128],"function":[129],"(IMF)":[130],"selection,":[131],"achieved":[133],"through":[134],"CES":[136],"algorithm,":[137],"distinguishes":[139],"between":[140],"target":[142],"unwanted":[144],"components":[145],"via":[146],"windowing":[148],"weighting":[150],"decomposed":[153],"signal.":[155],"According":[156],"results,":[159],"enhances":[164],"movement":[166],"outperforms":[169],"existing":[170],"methods.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
