{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410950175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3575981","title":"Variability in Spread Spectrum Time-Domain Reflection and Transmission Measurements","display_name":"Variability in Spread Spectrum Time-Domain Reflection and Transmission Measurements","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410950175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3575981"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3575981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3575981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056072884","display_name":"Samuel Makin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Makin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5999-2559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069017029","display_name":"Mouad Addad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-5142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125514","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Djilali de Sidi Bel Abb\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/0378szg41","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125514"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mouad Addad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunications and Digital Signal Processing Laboratory, Djillali Liab&#x00E9;s University of Sidi Bel Abb&#x00E9;s, Sidi Bel Abb&#x00E8;s, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-5142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunications and Digital Signal Processing Laboratory, Djillali Liab&#x00E9;s University of Sidi Bel Abb&#x00E9;s, Sidi Bel Abb&#x00E8;s, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117778309","display_name":"Brent Redhead","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brent Redhead","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1988-4306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054629198","display_name":"Cynthia Furse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7139-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia M. Furse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7139-7231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056072884"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3062,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81121497,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11851","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Measurements","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.6799556016921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.5613493919372559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5186261534690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.4516075551509857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.45076191425323486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4066111445426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3763996958732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.36487412452697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3199896216392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27656057476997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22636902332305908}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6799556016921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.5613493919372559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5186261534690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.4516075551509857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.45076191425323486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4066111445426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3763996958732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.36487412452697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3199896216392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27656057476997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22636902332305908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3575981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3575981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541124929","https://openalex.org/W1990634755","https://openalex.org/W2035752977","https://openalex.org/W2074873696","https://openalex.org/W2095696934","https://openalex.org/W2138613835","https://openalex.org/W2140036717","https://openalex.org/W2170603530","https://openalex.org/W2313320238","https://openalex.org/W2594776646","https://openalex.org/W3008941275","https://openalex.org/W3015888619","https://openalex.org/W3016541735","https://openalex.org/W3041607742","https://openalex.org/W3042877174","https://openalex.org/W3131025125","https://openalex.org/W4383737782","https://openalex.org/W4384519516","https://openalex.org/W4387010763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2782295999","https://openalex.org/W2162306796","https://openalex.org/W1970292246","https://openalex.org/W2016162169","https://openalex.org/W4247952185","https://openalex.org/W1895367623","https://openalex.org/W1642462315","https://openalex.org/W2015118744","https://openalex.org/W2005619368","https://openalex.org/W1879092539"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spread":[0],"Spectrum":[1],"Time":[2],"Domain":[3],"Reflectometry":[4],"(SSTDR)":[5],"offers":[6],"a":[7,114,165],"new":[8],"non-intrusive":[9],"measurement":[10],"technique":[11],"for":[12,47,134,141,170],"microwave":[13,174],"imaging.":[14],"While":[15],"vector":[16],"network":[17],"analyzers":[18],"(VNAs)":[19],"are":[20,129,156],"conventional":[21],"tools":[22],"in":[23,54,59,99,153,180],"this":[24],"domain,":[25],"they":[26],"present":[27],"significant":[28],"drawbacks":[29],"such":[30,172],"as":[31,173],"high":[32],"cost":[33],"and":[34,70,85,95,127,139,149],"lengthy":[35],"scan":[36],"times.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"explores":[40],"the":[41,48,60,111,120,125,135,142,154],"viability":[42],"of":[43,68,73,77,113,124],"substituting":[44],"SSTDR":[45,128,162],"devices":[46],"VNA":[49,126],"by":[50],"validating":[51],"their":[52],"accuracy":[53],"comparison":[55],"to":[56,80,103,168],"traditional":[57],"VNAs":[58,169],"0.5-4":[61,147],"GHz":[62],"band.":[63],"We":[64,88,118],"conducted":[65],"several":[66],"tests":[67],"reflection":[69],"transmission":[71],"measurements":[72],"RC":[74],"loads,":[75],"analysis":[76],"variations":[78],"due":[79],"cable":[81],"movement,":[82],"calibration":[83],"consistency,":[84],"temperature-induced":[86],"variations.":[87],"also":[89],"measured":[90],"antenna":[91],"<italic":[92,96],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[93,97,137,144],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">S<sub>11</sub></i>":[94],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">S<sub>21</sub></i>":[98],"two":[100],"oil-based":[101],"phantoms":[102],"simulate":[104],"human":[105],"breast":[106,175],"tissue,":[107],"comparing":[108],"changes":[109],"with":[110],"insertion":[112],"metal":[115,151],"tumor":[116],"substitute.":[117],"found":[119],"mean":[121],"confidence":[122],"intervals":[123],"better":[130],"(less)":[131],"than":[132],"0.03":[133],"|<italic":[136,143],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">S<sub>11</sub></i>|":[138],"0.02":[140],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">S<sub>21</sub></i>|":[145],"from":[146],"GHz,":[148],"that":[150,161],"\u201ctumors\u201d":[152],"oil":[155],"detectable.":[157],"These":[158],"results":[159],"suggest":[160],"may":[163],"be":[164],"viable":[166],"alternative":[167],"applications":[171],"imaging,":[176],"warranting":[177],"further":[178],"investigation":[179],"more":[181],"robust":[182],"setups.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}