{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410394298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3570355","title":"A Generalizable Load Recognition Method in NILM Based on Transferable Random Forest","display_name":"A Generalizable Load Recognition Method in NILM Based on Transferable Random Forest","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410394298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3570355"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3570355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3570355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080433680","display_name":"Zhongzong Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6386-7870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhongzong Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102803681","display_name":"Pengfei Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1248-8165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027618321","display_name":"Matteo Nardello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3126-1177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Nardello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030075617","display_name":"Davide Brunelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5110-6823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Brunelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100682305","display_name":"He Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-1899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080433680"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":36.8658,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99843817,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9362999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9362999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9294999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6929259300231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5544376969337463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4036228656768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.384170264005661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3609158992767334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6929259300231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5544376969337463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4036228656768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.384170264005661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3609158992767334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3570355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3570355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1040432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1040432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/456310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11005590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8872686936","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471179","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020517213","https://openalex.org/W2025423356","https://openalex.org/W2043279449","https://openalex.org/W2112483442","https://openalex.org/W2122838776","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2229387242","https://openalex.org/W2289387268","https://openalex.org/W2593768305","https://openalex.org/W2615044227","https://openalex.org/W2697608749","https://openalex.org/W2764060181","https://openalex.org/W2798444339","https://openalex.org/W2904841534","https://openalex.org/W2908535058","https://openalex.org/W2964288524","https://openalex.org/W2971067036","https://openalex.org/W2991117645","https://openalex.org/W2995194684","https://openalex.org/W2998115938","https://openalex.org/W3044070975","https://openalex.org/W3163390282","https://openalex.org/W3171336461","https://openalex.org/W3181227279","https://openalex.org/W3203788068","https://openalex.org/W3206006426","https://openalex.org/W4226391362","https://openalex.org/W4308526454","https://openalex.org/W4310723842","https://openalex.org/W4312857405","https://openalex.org/W4319993400","https://openalex.org/W4321488291","https://openalex.org/W4361990680","https://openalex.org/W4388520103","https://openalex.org/W4391936189","https://openalex.org/W4392361350","https://openalex.org/W4394938974","https://openalex.org/W4399110304","https://openalex.org/W4403390850","https://openalex.org/W4404057405","https://openalex.org/W6683633756","https://openalex.org/W6729591605"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W1924178503","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Practical":[0],"applications":[1],"of":[2,120,157],"non-intrusive":[3],"load":[4,8,65],"monitoring":[5],"(NILM)":[6],"require":[7],"recognition":[9],"models":[10],"that":[11],"generalize":[12],"to":[13,38,43,47,80,85,91,128],"unseen":[14],"data":[15],"from":[16,126],"new":[17,44,86],"houses":[18,45,87],"and":[19,36,154,172],"operate":[20],"efficiently":[21],"on":[22,68,110,140],"edge":[23,180],"devices.":[24],"However,":[25],"existing":[26],"NILM":[27,177],"approaches,":[28],"particularly":[29],"deep":[30],"learning":[31,78],"models,":[32],"are":[33],"computationally":[34],"intensive":[35],"prone":[37],"performance":[39],"degradation":[40],"when":[41,124],"deployed":[42],"due":[46],"domain":[48,170],"shifts.":[49],"To":[50],"address":[51],"these":[52],"challenges,":[53],"this":[54],"article":[55],"proposes":[56],"a":[57,76,102,117,130,141],"Weighted":[58],"Transferable":[59],"Random":[60,70],"Forest":[61,71],"(WTRF)":[62],"approach":[63],"for":[64,175],"recognition.":[66],"Based":[67],"the":[69,83],"(RF)":[72],"framework,":[73],"WTRF":[74,145],"incorporates":[75],"transfer":[77],"mechanism":[79],"swiftly":[81],"adapt":[82],"model":[84,98],"using":[88],"only":[89],"1":[90],"3":[92,159],"labeled":[93],"samples":[94],"per":[95,161],"appliance.":[96],"The":[97],"is":[99],"lightweight,":[100],"with":[101],"memory":[103],"size":[104],"under":[105],"300":[106],"KB.":[107],"Case":[108],"studies":[109],"three":[111],"datasets":[112],"demonstrate":[113],"its":[114,173],"effectiveness,":[115],"including":[116],"macro":[118],"F1-score":[119],"97.0":[121],"\u00b1":[122],"2.6%":[123],"transferring":[125],"PLAID":[127],"WHITED,":[129],"significant":[131],"improvement":[132],"over":[133],"5.7\u00b11.7%":[134],"achieved":[135],"by":[136],"source-only":[137],"models.":[138],"Deployed":[139],"Raspberry":[142],"Pi":[143],"4,":[144],"achieves":[146],"update":[147],"times":[148,156],"as":[149,151],"low":[150],"3.1\u00b10.3":[152],"seconds":[153],"testing":[155],"approximately":[158],"ms":[160],"house.":[162],"These":[163],"results":[164],"highlight":[165],"WTRF\u2019s":[166],"efficiency":[167],"in":[168,178],"addressing":[169],"shifts":[171],"suitability":[174],"real-time":[176],"resource-constrained":[179],"environments.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-05-16T00:00:00"}