{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409917179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3565252","title":"Prediction of Carbon Emission Concentrations in Blast Furnaces Based on Digital Twin","display_name":"Prediction of Carbon Emission Concentrations in Blast Furnaces Based on Digital Twin","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409917179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3565252"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3565252","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3565252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040071631","display_name":"Dingsen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8749-6859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dingsen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8749-6859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107153331","display_name":"Kaicheng Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2406-0718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaicheng Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2406-0718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101808276","display_name":"Yingwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9736-6583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9736-6583","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ruijie Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-1441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruijie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-1441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060214639","display_name":"Yongnan Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5093-0033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongnan Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5093-0033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100757897","display_name":"Lin Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-433X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-433X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6625,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81177825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13190","display_name":"Engineering and Environmental Studies","score":0.9599000215530396,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13190","display_name":"Engineering and Environmental Studies","score":0.9599000215530396,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11837","display_name":"Iron and Steelmaking Processes","score":0.9233999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-fibers","display_name":"Carbon fibers","score":0.5835508108139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.503696620464325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-engineering","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","score":0.37685489654541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.34501197934150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3434652090072632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-physics","display_name":"Engineering physics","score":0.32888656854629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3012329638004303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.11008933186531067}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.5835508108139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.503696620464325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.37685489654541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.34501197934150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3434652090072632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.32888656854629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3012329638004303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.11008933186531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3565252","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3565252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1131521308","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62303098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2190651034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M720679","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4041643772","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JH1/10400011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330373","funder_display_name":"Research and Innovation in Science and Technology Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5949003806","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N25ZJL007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G667799849","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62173073","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330373","display_name":"Research and Innovation in Science and Technology Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971362149","https://openalex.org/W1996640396","https://openalex.org/W2051312199","https://openalex.org/W2070135905","https://openalex.org/W2086322880","https://openalex.org/W2123143349","https://openalex.org/W2123649031","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2492169898","https://openalex.org/W2512197688","https://openalex.org/W2599886073","https://openalex.org/W2914458677","https://openalex.org/W2920915876","https://openalex.org/W2988693022","https://openalex.org/W3042877856","https://openalex.org/W3134063659","https://openalex.org/W3142175434","https://openalex.org/W3215772841","https://openalex.org/W4206071548","https://openalex.org/W4220902741","https://openalex.org/W4226306569","https://openalex.org/W4242197556","https://openalex.org/W4246233871","https://openalex.org/W4285244321","https://openalex.org/W4307816211","https://openalex.org/W4312422868","https://openalex.org/W4320802737","https://openalex.org/W4327862211","https://openalex.org/W4384008761","https://openalex.org/W4385819876","https://openalex.org/W4386965520","https://openalex.org/W4387629412","https://openalex.org/W4387664144","https://openalex.org/W4388407873","https://openalex.org/W4388869396","https://openalex.org/W4389495225","https://openalex.org/W4390873456","https://openalex.org/W4396919028","https://openalex.org/W4396930621","https://openalex.org/W4402436581","https://openalex.org/W4407639320"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W77590268","https://openalex.org/W208509919","https://openalex.org/W2142190174","https://openalex.org/W264020889","https://openalex.org/W4241616417","https://openalex.org/W2391645169","https://openalex.org/W2331676541","https://openalex.org/W2082000348","https://openalex.org/W2086248684"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"predicting":[1,33],"CO<sub":[2,192],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[3,193],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>":[4,194],"and":[5,22,60,69,126,132,195,203],"CO":[6,198],"emission":[7,37],"concentrations":[8,38],"in":[9],"blast":[10,34,112],"furnaces":[11],"is":[12,49,76,103,145,170],"essential":[13],"for":[14,32,191,197],"the":[15,19,86,107,111,120,124,174,180],"sustainable":[16],"development":[17],"of":[18,123,159,189],"steel":[20],"industry":[21],"achieving":[23],"carbon":[24,36],"neutrality.":[25],"This":[26],"paper":[27],"proposes":[28],"a":[29,44,94,100,138],"novel":[30],"method":[31],"furnace":[35],"based":[39],"on":[40],"digital":[41],"twin.":[42],"Firstly,":[43],"grayscale":[45],"co-occurrence":[46],"matrix":[47],"(GLCM)":[48],"used":[50,104,171],"to":[51,79,93,105,118,136,148,156,172],"select":[52],"unobstructed":[53],"flame":[54],"portions":[55],"from":[56,64,85],"top":[57],"thermal":[58],"images,":[59,125],"features":[61,84,122,135],"are":[62],"extracted":[63],"these":[65],"images":[66],"using":[67],"ResNet50":[68],"an":[70,157],"autoencoder.":[71],"Independent":[72],"Component":[73,142],"Analysis":[74,143],"(ICA)":[75],"then":[77,146],"applied":[78],"extract":[80,149],"non-Gaussian":[81],"independent":[82],"source":[83],"image":[87],"data,":[88],"which":[89,152],"serve":[90,153],"as":[91,154],"input":[92,155],"Random":[95,160],"Forest":[96],"(RF)":[97],"model.":[98],"Secondly,":[99],"mechanistic":[101],"model":[102,182],"construct":[106],"temperature":[108,133],"field":[109,134],"within":[110],"furnace.":[113],"Using":[114],"ICA":[115],"inverse":[116],"transformation":[117],"reconstruct":[119],"important":[121],"combining":[127],"them":[128],"with":[129],"operational":[130],"parameters":[131],"establish":[137],"feature-sharing":[139],"matrix.":[140],"Principal":[141],"(PCA)":[144],"employed":[147],"principal":[150],"components,":[151],"ensemble":[158],"Vector":[161],"Functional-Link":[162],"Networks":[163],"(RVFLNs).":[164],"Finally,":[165],"Particle":[166],"Swarm":[167],"Optimization":[168],"(PSO)":[169],"fuse":[173],"outputs.":[175],"The":[176],"results":[177],"show":[178],"that":[179],"proposed":[181],"achieves":[183],"Mean":[184],"Absolute":[185],"Percentage":[186],"Errors":[187],"(MAPE)":[188],"0.8742%":[190],"0.8396%":[196],"concentrations,":[199],"indicating":[200],"high":[201],"accuracy":[202],"practical":[204],"application":[205],"value.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
