{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409883149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3565062","title":"LCS4: Linear Complexity State-Space Transformers With Multiscale Overlapping Scans for Efficient Semantic Segmentation","display_name":"LCS4: Linear Complexity State-Space Transformers With Multiscale Overlapping Scans for Efficient Semantic Segmentation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409883149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3565062"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3565062","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3565062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100661700","display_name":"Yueying Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9737-6765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueying Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9737-6765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054740535","display_name":"Yuhao Qing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5921-5774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhao Qing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5921-5774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055905608","display_name":"Zhijun Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8563-5678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijun Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8563-5678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083349103","display_name":"Xudong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1864-4686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092944","display_name":"Dalian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2ypp58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xudong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1864-4686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992","https://openalex.org/I4210092944"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03229917,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.917900025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.917900025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5855391025543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5451346039772034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5146166086196899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-space","display_name":"Semantic space","score":0.45156362652778625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.44065141677856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41613101959228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3378479480743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.325946182012558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19781923294067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14844700694084167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13963910937309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.12404438853263855}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5855391025543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5451346039772034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5146166086196899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986420190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39045939","display_name":"Semantic space","level":2,"score":0.45156362652778625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.44065141677856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41613101959228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3378479480743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.325946182012558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19781923294067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14844700694084167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13963910937309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.12404438853263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3565062","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3565062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2604268065","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62122046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3032772883","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23010500100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323478","funder_display_name":"Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3118128888","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62473243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G62426012","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24A20279","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323478","display_name":"Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03e04g978"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485877476","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2044328399","https://openalex.org/W2100588357","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2193325189","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2886934227","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964217532","https://openalex.org/W2965391153","https://openalex.org/W2981689412","https://openalex.org/W3003522438","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3170841864","https://openalex.org/W3173433277","https://openalex.org/W3175515048","https://openalex.org/W3181199966","https://openalex.org/W3190492058","https://openalex.org/W3196904463","https://openalex.org/W4214893857","https://openalex.org/W4256080149","https://openalex.org/W4312785900","https://openalex.org/W4313188982","https://openalex.org/W4353004354","https://openalex.org/W4365800600","https://openalex.org/W4367663339","https://openalex.org/W4381936712","https://openalex.org/W4382240924","https://openalex.org/W4389104787","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4391109864","https://openalex.org/W4392904222","https://openalex.org/W4394007483","https://openalex.org/W4399618753","https://openalex.org/W4400448280","https://openalex.org/W4400519485","https://openalex.org/W4402683798","https://openalex.org/W4403150335","https://openalex.org/W4403727496","https://openalex.org/W4403760842","https://openalex.org/W4403977303","https://openalex.org/W4403998622","https://openalex.org/W6780698457","https://openalex.org/W6782420349","https://openalex.org/W6797399245","https://openalex.org/W6798837711","https://openalex.org/W6802648153","https://openalex.org/W6803444062","https://openalex.org/W6839500301","https://openalex.org/W6846053352","https://openalex.org/W6859298233","https://openalex.org/W6861342692","https://openalex.org/W6861387779","https://openalex.org/W6861744467","https://openalex.org/W6862258061","https://openalex.org/W6862363860","https://openalex.org/W6862687296","https://openalex.org/W6862996437","https://openalex.org/W6863218821","https://openalex.org/W6864130245","https://openalex.org/W6864771739","https://openalex.org/W6870839691","https://openalex.org/W6875842941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4379231730","https://openalex.org/W4389858081","https://openalex.org/W2501551404","https://openalex.org/W4298131179","https://openalex.org/W2113201962","https://openalex.org/W4385583601","https://openalex.org/W4395685956","https://openalex.org/W3159516372","https://openalex.org/W4398146871","https://openalex.org/W4387803165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,68,71,75,79,89,105,125,142,168,179],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,10,70,81,107,127,153,178],"intelligent":[4,11],"systems,":[5],"semantic":[6,40,64,116,130],"segmentation\u2014an":[7],"essential":[8],"aspect":[9],"perception\u2014is":[12],"garnering":[13],"significant":[14],"research":[15],"interest.":[16],"However,":[17],"convolutional":[18],"neural":[19],"network":[20],"(CNN)-based":[21],"methods":[22],"exhibit":[23],"limitations":[24],"in":[25,38,129],"processing":[26],"long-range":[27],"features.":[28],"Although":[29],"transformer-based":[30],"models":[31],"capably":[32],"handle":[33],"global":[34],"information,":[35],"their":[36,47],"application":[37],"real-time":[39],"segmentation":[41,131],"is":[42],"computationally":[43],"challenging":[44],"due":[45],"to":[46],"quadratic":[48],"complexity.":[49,87],"To":[50],"address":[51],"these":[52],"issues,":[53],"we":[54],"introduce":[55],"a":[56,147],"state":[57],"space":[58],"model-based":[59],"transformer":[60,76],"architecture,":[61,77],"LCS4,":[62],"for":[63],"segmentation.":[65],"LCS4":[66,128,145,171],"integrates":[67],"strengths":[69],"Mamba":[72],"system":[73],"with":[74,85,155,165,175],"enabling":[78],"modeling":[80],"remote":[82],"contextual":[83],"information":[84],"linear":[86],"Additionally,":[88],"newly":[90],"proposed":[91],"multi-scale":[92],"spatial":[93,99,114],"overlap":[94],"scanning":[95],"module":[96],"selectively":[97],"processes":[98],"features":[100,110],"from":[101],"multiple":[102],"directions,":[103],"enhancing":[104],"construction":[106],"robust":[108],"hierarchical":[109],"that":[111],"improve":[112],"both":[113],"and":[115,137,160,181],"continuity.":[117],"Extensive":[118],"experiments":[119],"conducted":[120],"across":[121],"various":[122],"datasets":[123],"confirm":[124],"efficacy":[126],"tasks,":[132],"demonstrating":[133],"lower":[134],"parameter":[135],"counts":[136],"higher":[138],"accuracy.":[139],"Specifically,":[140],"on":[141,167],"Cityscapes":[143],"dataset,":[144,170],"achieves":[146],"mean":[148],"Intersection":[149],"Over":[150],"Union":[151],"(mIOU)":[152],"79.1":[154],"only":[156],"2.92":[157],"million":[158],"parameters":[159,180],"11.8":[161],"GFLOPS.":[162],"In":[163],"comparison":[164],"WaSR":[166],"MODD":[169],"demonstrates":[172],"competitive":[173],"performance":[174],"merely":[176],"6%":[177],"operates":[182],"approximately":[183],"six":[184],"times":[185],"faster.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}