{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409641820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3562977","title":"Deep-Learning-Enhanced Outlier Detection for Precise GNSS Positioning With Smartphones","display_name":"Deep-Learning-Enhanced Outlier Detection for Precise GNSS Positioning With Smartphones","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409641820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3562977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3562977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3562977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101520938","display_name":"Yang Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8362-6732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8362-6732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095030274","display_name":"Zelin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3322-7427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zelin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3322-7427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5249-0307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5249-0307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100725031","display_name":"Hongzhou Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7579-7582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongzhou Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7579-7582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110490664","display_name":"Gao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4771-6615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4771-6615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.628,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98355756,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.795761227607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.640616774559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5848981142044067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5669288635253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5457481741905212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5157973766326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.45438018441200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4036315977573395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.40215134620666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.35372158885002136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19044816493988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.14084291458129883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.795761227607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.640616774559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5848981142044067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5669288635253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5457481741905212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5157973766326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.45438018441200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4036315977573395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.40215134620666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35372158885002136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19044816493988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14084291458129883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3562977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3562977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1558685142","https://openalex.org/W1916214761","https://openalex.org/W2001964734","https://openalex.org/W2016092003","https://openalex.org/W2134691634","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2221723928","https://openalex.org/W2583298792","https://openalex.org/W2791787077","https://openalex.org/W2793716893","https://openalex.org/W2897821278","https://openalex.org/W2904787380","https://openalex.org/W2905194740","https://openalex.org/W2946619498","https://openalex.org/W3013198257","https://openalex.org/W3035252332","https://openalex.org/W3035320077","https://openalex.org/W3035656196","https://openalex.org/W3094917826","https://openalex.org/W3095045774","https://openalex.org/W3097883852","https://openalex.org/W3105920057","https://openalex.org/W3113118202","https://openalex.org/W3120590543","https://openalex.org/W3138096321","https://openalex.org/W3189475240","https://openalex.org/W3198048317","https://openalex.org/W3205550946","https://openalex.org/W3205808861","https://openalex.org/W4206014262","https://openalex.org/W4213035291","https://openalex.org/W4286377413","https://openalex.org/W4294680080","https://openalex.org/W4296285938","https://openalex.org/W4304775697","https://openalex.org/W4310936193","https://openalex.org/W4313147016","https://openalex.org/W4387400722","https://openalex.org/W4387400811","https://openalex.org/W4387790098","https://openalex.org/W4388308295","https://openalex.org/W4392283142","https://openalex.org/W4394994507","https://openalex.org/W4400770599","https://openalex.org/W4403426903"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2499612753","https://openalex.org/W3111802945","https://openalex.org/W2946096271","https://openalex.org/W2295423552","https://openalex.org/W1598471830","https://openalex.org/W3107369729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"robust":[1,147],"outlier":[2,54],"detection":[3,9,55],"method":[4,29,123],"is":[5],"proposed":[6,105,122],"for":[7],"effective":[8],"of":[10,37,72,128],"smartphone":[11],"Global":[12],"Navigation":[13],"Satellite":[14],"System":[15],"(GNSS)":[16],"measurement":[17,95],"outliers":[18],"frequently":[19],"caused":[20],"by":[21,132,139],"multipath":[22],"and":[23,45,57,134],"non-line-of-sight":[24],"(NLOS)":[25],"effects.":[26],"The":[27,116],"new":[28],"has":[30,124],"been":[31],"developed":[32],"through":[33,83],"a":[34,38,107,114],"novel":[35],"combination":[36],"binary-tree-based":[39,67],"solution":[40,92],"separation":[41],"(SS)":[42],"test":[43,110],"(SS-test)":[44],"the":[46,51,58,66,76,94,98,104,121,126,136,143],"deep-learning":[47],"techniques,":[48],"which":[49],"leverages":[50],"statistical":[52,148],"testing\u2019s":[53],"efficiency":[56],"deep-learning\u2019s":[59],"proficiency":[60],"in":[61],"modeling":[62],"complex":[63],"relationships.":[64],"First,":[65],"SS-test":[68],"identifies":[69],"specific":[70],"subsets":[71],"outlier-free":[73],"measurements.":[74],"Second,":[75],"network":[77],"predicts":[78],"three-dimensional":[79],"(3D)":[80],"positioning":[81,91,130,137],"errors":[82,131],"those":[84],"subsets.":[85],"Third,":[86],"we":[87],"obtain":[88],"an":[89],"accurate":[90],"from":[93],"subset":[96],"with":[97,113],"smallest":[99],"predicted":[100],"errors.":[101],"To":[102],"validate":[103],"approach,":[106],"vehicle-based":[108],"field":[109],"was":[111],"conducted":[112],"smartphone.":[115],"testing":[117],"results":[118],"indicate":[119],"that":[120],"reduced":[125],"rate":[127],"large":[129],"79%":[133],"improved":[135],"accuracy":[138],"41%":[140],"compared":[141],"to":[142],"conventional":[144],"methods":[145],"without":[146],"testing.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}