{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409985748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3561438","title":"Application of a Multimodal Deep Learning Model Based on Recursive Fusion Feature Map With Transformer\u2013TCN for Complex Fault Diagnosis of Flying Wing UAV Actuators","display_name":"Application of a Multimodal Deep Learning Model Based on Recursive Fusion Feature Map With Transformer\u2013TCN for Complex Fault Diagnosis of Flying Wing UAV Actuators","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409985748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3561438"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3561438","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3561438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023002846","display_name":"Wenqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-1247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-1247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008578950","display_name":"Zhenbao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-275X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenbao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-275X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022365706","display_name":"Zhen Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2960-8071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2960-8071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103575852","display_name":"Xiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3028-7089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3028-7089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Weijun Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-3233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijun Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-3233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4089-7002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4089-7002","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.5321,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99176396,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13832","display_name":"Advanced Decision-Making Techniques","score":0.842199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13832","display_name":"Advanced Decision-Making Techniques","score":0.842199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14225","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Control Systems","score":0.8069000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14270","display_name":"Simulation and Modeling Applications","score":0.76419997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.6532623767852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5916619300842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5709748268127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5518072247505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.47654372453689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.4666834771633148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.45214754343032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.41403141617774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39094263315200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.35012882947921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33590632677078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.11570626497268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10524696111679077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.6532623767852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5916619300842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5709748268127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5518072247505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.47654372453689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4666834771633148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.45214754343032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.41403141617774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39094263315200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.35012882947921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33590632677078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.11570626497268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10524696111679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3561438","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3561438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1228830882","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2433208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2638507561","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20190806152203506","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329791","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6310649693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ASFC-2018ZC53026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322857","funder_display_name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322857","display_name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/02wq41p38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329791","display_name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056700529","https://openalex.org/W2100668822","https://openalex.org/W2128109092","https://openalex.org/W2767716413","https://openalex.org/W2810435418","https://openalex.org/W2884150506","https://openalex.org/W2887529570","https://openalex.org/W2890519000","https://openalex.org/W2891757672","https://openalex.org/W2943062104","https://openalex.org/W2968024977","https://openalex.org/W2995325590","https://openalex.org/W3034363736","https://openalex.org/W3107690766","https://openalex.org/W3118237654","https://openalex.org/W3141286669","https://openalex.org/W3147069738","https://openalex.org/W3164620929","https://openalex.org/W3169777150","https://openalex.org/W3214396588","https://openalex.org/W4206390660","https://openalex.org/W4206411988","https://openalex.org/W4312644849","https://openalex.org/W4312803619","https://openalex.org/W4317938098","https://openalex.org/W4376607624","https://openalex.org/W4379117323","https://openalex.org/W4392405558","https://openalex.org/W4402129257","https://openalex.org/W4402968256"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2099333796","https://openalex.org/W1999058329","https://openalex.org/W2011222276","https://openalex.org/W2080330449","https://openalex.org/W2007221537","https://openalex.org/W2490690736","https://openalex.org/W785766289","https://openalex.org/W2185997459","https://openalex.org/W2967125373"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,34,57,143,234],"present":[1],"paper":[2],"proposes":[3],"a":[4,152,187],"multimodal":[5,49],"deep":[6],"learning":[7],"model":[8,98,150,202],"based":[9],"on":[10,157,163],"Recursive":[11],"Fusion":[12],"Feature":[13],"Map":[14],"(RFFM)":[15],"and":[16,43,77,79,106,124,161,192,211,226,240,255,261],"Transformer-TCN,":[17],"to":[18,64,84,97,180],"solve":[19],"the":[20,44,80,86,90,93,110,129,132,138,148,158,164,177,201,238,246],"problem":[21],"of":[22,25,36,46,89,109,155,189,195,200,242,250],"fault":[23,118,126,182,248],"diagnosis":[24,249],"flying":[26,111,251],"wing":[27,112,252],"UAV":[28,113,253],"actuators":[29,254],"under":[30,115],"complex":[31,181,247],"working":[32],"conditions.":[33],"challenges":[35],"data":[37],"scarcity,":[38],"high-dimensional":[39],"nonlinear":[40],"dynamic":[41,100,120],"characteristics,":[42],"difficulty":[45],"effectively":[47],"fusing":[48],"features":[50,67],"are":[51],"particularly":[52],"relevant":[53],"in":[54,216,245],"this":[55,243],"context.":[56],"recursive":[58],"fusion":[59],"feature":[60],"map":[61],"is":[62,82,95],"used":[63,83],"extract":[65],"high-order":[66],"from":[68],"multi-modal":[69],"time-series":[70,134],"signals":[71,191],"(position,":[72],"velocity,":[73],"acceleration,":[74],"torque,":[75],"current":[76],"voltage),":[78],"Transformer":[81],"capture":[85],"long-term":[87],"dependencies":[88],"signals,":[91],"while":[92],"TCN":[94],"employed":[96],"short-term":[99],"characteristics.":[101],"This":[102],"enables":[103],"accurate":[104],"classification":[105,153,227],"health":[107],"assessment":[108],"actuator":[114],"normal,":[116],"single":[117],"(wear/jamming,":[119],"lag,":[121],"signal":[122,135],"failure)":[123],"compound":[125],"modes.":[127],"In":[128],"simulation":[130],"experiment,":[131],"six-modal":[133],"generated":[136],"for":[137,173,263],"seven":[139],"states":[140],"was":[141,184],"analysed.":[142],"experimental":[144],"findings":[145],"demonstrated":[146],"that":[147],"proposed":[149],"attained":[151],"accuracy":[154,225],"98.6%":[156],"bal-anced":[159],"dataset":[160],"94.7%":[162],"unbalanced":[165],"dataset,":[166],"with":[167,203],"an":[168,193],"F1":[169],"score":[170],"exceeding":[171],"0.92":[172],"each":[174],"category.":[175],"Concur-rently,":[176],"model\u2019s":[178],"resilience":[179],"modes":[183],"substantiated":[185],"through":[186],"comparison":[188,199],"residual":[190],"examination":[194],"time-frequency":[196],"diagrams.":[197],"A":[198],"traditional":[204],"methods":[205],"such":[206,219],"as":[207,220],"SVM,":[208],"random":[209],"forest":[210],"LSTM":[212],"reveals":[213],"significant":[214],"advantages":[215],"key":[217],"indicators":[218],"average":[221],"AUC":[222,230],"value,":[223],"diagnostic":[224],"stability":[228],"(average":[229],"value":[231,260],"exceeds":[232],"0.97).":[233],"research":[235],"results":[236],"demonstrate":[237],"effec-tiveness":[239],"applicability":[241],"method":[244],"have":[256],"important":[257],"engineering":[258],"application":[259],"potential":[262],"promotion.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
