{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409102996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3557105","title":"A Low-Cost High-Accuracy Online Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurement Strategy for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Application","display_name":"A Low-Cost High-Accuracy Online Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurement Strategy for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Application","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409102996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3557105"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3557105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3557105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055518884","display_name":"Yaxu Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaxu Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7753-9699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101837437","display_name":"Hanqing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-0129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanqing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-0129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018040554","display_name":"Ruihua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0415-2859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruihua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0415-2859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bo Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3032-5792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3032-5792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109126638","display_name":"Jian Fang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5799-4863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005669909","display_name":"Yawen Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7512-0144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yawen Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7512-0144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101526076","display_name":"Zhongliang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7021-2103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802759292","display_name":"Franche-Comt\u00e9 \u00c9lectronique M\u00e9canique Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/004fmxv66","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2802759292","https://openalex.org/I37553959","https://openalex.org/I4210095849","https://openalex.org/I4405256580","https://openalex.org/I53262699"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37553959","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de technologie de belfort-montb\u00e9liard","ror":"https://ror.org/05bn3m307","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37553959"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongliang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institution FEMTO-ST, University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, Cedex, France","Research Institution FEMTO-ST, University of FrancheComté, Belfort, Cedex, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7021-2103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institution FEMTO-ST, University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, Cedex, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802759292","https://openalex.org/I37553959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institution FEMTO-ST, University of FrancheComté, Belfort, Cedex, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802759292"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067493074","display_name":"Daniel Hissel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0657-3320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185839726","display_name":"Institut Universitaire de France","ror":"https://ror.org/055khg266","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185839726"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802759292","display_name":"Franche-Comt\u00e9 \u00c9lectronique M\u00e9canique Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/004fmxv66","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2802759292","https://openalex.org/I37553959","https://openalex.org/I4210095849","https://openalex.org/I4405256580","https://openalex.org/I53262699"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Hissel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institution FEMTO-ST, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, Cedex, France","Research Institution FEMTO-ST, University of Franche-Comté, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Belfort, Cedex, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0657-3320","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institution FEMTO-ST, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, Cedex, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185839726"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institution FEMTO-ST, University of Franche-Comté, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Belfort, Cedex, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185839726","https://openalex.org/I2802759292"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9579,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71708435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10660","display_name":"Conducting polymers and applications","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric-spectroscopy","display_name":"Dielectric spectroscopy","score":0.7750751972198486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-cells","display_name":"Fuel cells","score":0.6287956833839417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.5922447443008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.5172122716903687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.493901789188385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4937058389186859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4239349365234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33677375316619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemistry","display_name":"Electrochemistry","score":0.3293219804763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.303666889667511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.16850149631500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.12959018349647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11212572455406189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-engineering","display_name":"Chemical engineering","score":0.10088276863098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.08644121885299683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7040849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899580","display_name":"Dielectric spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.7750751972198486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.6287956833839417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5922447443008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.5172122716903687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.493901789188385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4937058389186859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4239349365234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33677375316619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.3293219804763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.303666889667511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.16850149631500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.12959018349647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11212572455406189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10088276863098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.08644121885299683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3557105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3557105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1005406053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB2604603_04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1420417265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22PJ1413500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316335","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Key Basic Research Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4251523329","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52207243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316335","display_name":"Shanghai Key Basic Research Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983722203","https://openalex.org/W2006364715","https://openalex.org/W2011340170","https://openalex.org/W2054017920","https://openalex.org/W2058198791","https://openalex.org/W2128175804","https://openalex.org/W2201848929","https://openalex.org/W2279460521","https://openalex.org/W2495062713","https://openalex.org/W2520234349","https://openalex.org/W2901984096","https://openalex.org/W2926504433","https://openalex.org/W3025813096","https://openalex.org/W3036517247","https://openalex.org/W3037083105","https://openalex.org/W3056062835","https://openalex.org/W3103565620","https://openalex.org/W4205689585","https://openalex.org/W4285818765","https://openalex.org/W4304998091","https://openalex.org/W4372055022","https://openalex.org/W4385621175","https://openalex.org/W4386565560","https://openalex.org/W4401357388"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2568003367","https://openalex.org/W2943903417","https://openalex.org/W1986519446","https://openalex.org/W2215888160","https://openalex.org/W2111501207","https://openalex.org/W2068623945","https://openalex.org/W4243773385","https://openalex.org/W18872564","https://openalex.org/W2050511751","https://openalex.org/W3209857138"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"proposes":[2],"an":[3],"improved":[4],"online":[5,120],"Electrochemical":[6],"Impedance":[7],"Spectroscopy":[8],"(EIS)":[9],"measurement":[10,122],"strategy":[11,69,90],"for":[12],"Fuel":[13,37],"Cell":[14,38],"Electric":[15],"Vehicle":[16],"(FCEV)":[17],"applications.":[18],"A":[19],"2-phase":[20],"interleaved":[21],"boost":[22],"converter":[23,62,136],"(IBC)":[24],"is":[25,74,91,124,131],"designed":[26],"to":[27,59,76,93,108],"regulate":[28],"the":[29,41,48,52,55,78,95,100,110,129,143,159,167,172,176],"output":[30],"power":[31],"of":[32,54,83,114,128,155],"a":[33,87,117,134,151],"Proton":[34],"Exchange":[35],"Membrane":[36],"(PEMFC).":[39],"Then,":[40],"alternating":[42],"disturbance":[43,84],"signals":[44],"are":[45,105],"injected":[46],"into":[47],"fuel":[49],"cell":[50],"via":[51],"controller":[53],"DC/DC":[56],"(Direct":[57],"Current":[58],"Direct":[60],"Current)":[61],"without":[63],"any":[64],"additional":[65],"equipment.":[66],"An":[67],"injection":[68,81],"based":[70],"on":[71],"bandwidth":[72],"distinguishment":[73],"proposed":[75,144],"determine":[77],"frequency":[79],"and":[80],"position":[82],"signals.":[85],"Furthermore,":[86],"closed-loop":[88],"control":[89],"introduced":[92],"stabilize":[94],"response":[96],"signal\u2019s":[97],"amplitude":[98],"at":[99],"desired":[101],"value.":[102],"The":[103,126,138],"perturbations":[104],"effectively":[106],"regulated":[107],"satisfy":[109],"signal-to-noise":[111],"ratio":[112],"requirement":[113],"sensors.":[115],"Hence,":[116],"low-cost":[118],"high-accuracy":[119],"EIS":[121],"solution":[123],"realized.":[125],"effectiveness":[127],"approach":[130,145],"validated":[132],"with":[133,150],"1kW":[135],"prototype.":[137],"experimental":[139],"results":[140],"indicate":[141],"that":[142],"can":[146],"achieve":[147],"impedance":[148],"detection":[149],"relatively":[152],"high":[153],"degree":[154],"accuracy.":[156],"When":[157],"testing":[158],"setting":[160],"varies,":[161],"such":[162],"as":[163],"relative":[164],"humidity":[165],"fluctuation,":[166],"observed":[168],"spectroscopy":[169],"clearly":[170],"demonstrates":[171],"noticeable":[173],"variation":[174],"in":[175],"internal":[177],"electrochemical":[178],"reaction.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}