{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409077023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3556896","title":"Multimodal Imitation Learning for Arc Detection in Complex Railway Environments","display_name":"Multimodal Imitation Learning for Arc Detection in Complex Railway Environments","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409077023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3556896"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3556896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3556896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018060609","display_name":"Jingke Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8007-4899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingke Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8007-4899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026364945","display_name":"Yao Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-5651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-5651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403515","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8735-2812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Cheng Du, Si Chuan, China","State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8735-2812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Cheng Du, Si Chuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067060520","display_name":"Ning Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6199-2272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6199-2272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004478535","display_name":"Hui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3948-4415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3948-4415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004366934","display_name":"Bo Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9255-5772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125590","display_name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers","ror":"https://ror.org/033wn8m60","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["CN","PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9255-5772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I76903346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080596209","display_name":"Miaohui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1125-9299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miaohui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Shenzhen University (SZU), Shenzhen, China","State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1125-9299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Shenzhen University (SZU), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100370309","display_name":"Weihua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3391-3872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3391-3872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, No.111, North Section of the Second Ring Road, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018060609"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":41.6075,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99971722,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.9684000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.644501805305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imitation","display_name":"Imitation","score":0.6068336367607117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5708274245262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arc","display_name":"Arc (geometry)","score":0.5360069274902344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.37082797288894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34278228878974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.15979978442192078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.13301587104797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0903276801109314}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.644501805305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126388530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131737","display_name":"Imitation","level":2,"score":0.6068336367607117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5708274245262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83415579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161973","display_name":"Arc (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5360069274902344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.37082797288894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34278228878974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15979978442192078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.13301587104797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0903276801109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3556896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3556896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1185709423","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515011230","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1870504979","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52302444","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2168400990","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52202424","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3393675205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025ZNSFSC0400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G382768948","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2682023GF012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G864794303","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CYY-2024-YF-020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326522","funder_display_name":"Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326522","display_name":"Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2343031166","https://openalex.org/W2559870345","https://openalex.org/W2585885232","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2809216229","https://openalex.org/W2891437205","https://openalex.org/W2899368471","https://openalex.org/W2948258040","https://openalex.org/W2950759670","https://openalex.org/W2999272552","https://openalex.org/W3046194589","https://openalex.org/W3080938643","https://openalex.org/W3084136118","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3097526063","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3157386596","https://openalex.org/W3196858809","https://openalex.org/W3202329597","https://openalex.org/W4206390057","https://openalex.org/W4206713196","https://openalex.org/W4220732524","https://openalex.org/W4220927862","https://openalex.org/W4223428809","https://openalex.org/W4225647516","https://openalex.org/W4296777934","https://openalex.org/W4311142317","https://openalex.org/W4312497258","https://openalex.org/W4319990462","https://openalex.org/W4327920460","https://openalex.org/W4366352735","https://openalex.org/W4382401554","https://openalex.org/W4386102160","https://openalex.org/W4387492383","https://openalex.org/W4389248364","https://openalex.org/W4392010854","https://openalex.org/W4393946714","https://openalex.org/W4396582782","https://openalex.org/W4396664949","https://openalex.org/W4396941569","https://openalex.org/W4401689040","https://openalex.org/W4402727549","https://openalex.org/W4402753969","https://openalex.org/W4403409556","https://openalex.org/W4404102051","https://openalex.org/W4404452017","https://openalex.org/W4404515436","https://openalex.org/W4404944348","https://openalex.org/W4405787208","https://openalex.org/W4406607253","https://openalex.org/W4407722535","https://openalex.org/W6682962330","https://openalex.org/W6779997284","https://openalex.org/W6797399245","https://openalex.org/W6846714499"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2935909890","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W2665305151"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,19],"pantograph-catenary":[1],"system":[2,120],"(PCS)":[3],"is":[4,166,193],"a":[5,109,148,246],"critical":[6],"component":[7],"of":[8,156,216,240],"railway":[9,36,266],"vehicles,":[10],"and":[11,40,45,56,70,79,98,123,201,219,227,231,238,252,255,262],"its":[12],"performance":[13,213],"directly":[14],"affects":[15],"current":[16,68],"collection":[17,69],"quality.":[18],"arc":[20,38,60,96,113,129,185,241],"rate":[21],"serves":[22],"as":[23,52],"an":[24,161,187],"essential":[25],"measurement":[26,81,119,230,253],"indicator":[27],"for":[28,174,214,249,259],"monitoring":[29,261],"the":[30,118,154,170,236,250],"PCS":[31],"state.":[32],"However,":[33],"in":[34,74,132,220,265],"complex":[35,221],"environments\u2014where":[37],"sizes":[39,218],"shapes":[41],"can":[42],"vary":[43],"significantly":[44],"are":[46,63],"further":[47],"influenced":[48],"by":[49,66,145],"factors":[50],"such":[51,94],"reflected":[53],"light,":[54],"glare,":[55],"adverse":[57],"weather\u2014the":[58],"traditional":[59],"detection":[61,77,114,172,212,264],"methods":[62],"easily":[64],"affected":[65],"unstable":[67],"power":[71],"fluctuations,":[72],"resulting":[73],"increased":[75],"false":[76,142],"rates":[78],"reduced":[80],"accuracy.":[82],"Deep":[83],"learning":[84,164,191],"methods,":[85],"while":[86],"promising,":[87],"also":[88],"face":[89],"limitations":[90],"when":[91],"dealing":[92],"with":[93,134],"diverse":[95],"morphologies":[97],"strong":[99,135],"external":[100],"interference.":[101],"To":[102],"address":[103,179],"these":[104],"challenges,":[105],"this":[106,243],"article":[107],"proposes":[108],"multimodal":[110],"imitation":[111,163],"learning-based":[112],"network":[115],"(MILADNet).":[116],"First,":[117],"fuses":[121],"infrared":[122],"visible-light":[124],"image":[125],"features":[126],"to":[127,152,168,178,195],"enhance":[128,202],"feature":[130],"extraction":[131],"scenarios":[133],"glare":[136],"or":[137],"reflective":[138],"interference,":[139],"thereby":[140],"mitigating":[141],"alarms":[143],"caused":[144],"relying":[146],"on":[147,158,198],"single":[149],"sensor.":[150],"Second,":[151],"overcome":[153],"lack":[155],"information":[157],"small":[159,175],"arcs,":[160],"online":[162],"framework":[165],"introduced":[167],"improve":[169],"system\u2019s":[171],"sensitivity":[173],"arcs.":[176],"Finally,":[177],"data":[180,200,232],"bias":[181],"arising":[182],"from":[183],"uneven":[184],"distributions,":[186],"unsupervised":[188],"transferable":[189],"representation":[190],"method":[192,244],"employed":[194],"reduce":[196],"dependence":[197],"labeled":[199],"model":[203],"generalization.":[204],"Experimental":[205],"results":[206],"show":[207],"that":[208],"MILADNet":[209],"exhibits":[210],"outstanding":[211],"arcs":[215],"various":[217],"environments,":[222],"demonstrating":[223],"both":[224],"high":[225],"efficiency":[226],"accuracy":[228],"during":[229],"processing.":[233],"Beyond":[234],"improving":[235],"precision":[237],"reliability":[239],"detection,":[242],"offers":[245],"novel":[247],"solution":[248],"instrumentation":[251],"field":[254],"shows":[256],"significant":[257],"potential":[258],"condition":[260],"anomaly":[263],"systems.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":46}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T08:33:51.333923","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}