{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408970682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3555714","title":"A Digital and Compact High-Precision Locking System for Pulse Laser Repetition Frequency","display_name":"A Digital and Compact High-Precision Locking System for Pulse Laser Repetition Frequency","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408970682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3555714"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3555714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3555714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033951120","display_name":"Qibin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-8293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qibin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and the School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-8293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and the School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070943698","display_name":"Zhiming Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2708-6211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengyi Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and the School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2708-6211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and the School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1044-5096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and the School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1044-5096","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and the School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112391480","display_name":"Zhaohui Bu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9180-5560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohui Bu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and the School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9180-5560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and the School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013081195","display_name":"Liguo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0453-9479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liguo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and the School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0453-9479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and the School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Medical Sensing Laboratory and School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011622715","display_name":"Zuanming Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9686-7965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuanming Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9686-7965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101644856","display_name":"Zhao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-8850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-8850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6419,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78858889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10732","display_name":"Laser Material Processing Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10732","display_name":"Laser Material Processing Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12760","display_name":"Laser Design and Applications","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repetition","display_name":"Repetition (rhetorical device)","score":0.5790561437606812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.539340078830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5264217257499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-repetition-frequency","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","score":0.49416473507881165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.44587165117263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39383798837661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.38660579919815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3820410370826721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3660163879394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3232361376285553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.211250901222229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20044425129890442}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776141515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1274479","display_name":"Repetition (rhetorical device)","level":2,"score":0.5790561437606812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.539340078830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5264217257499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182862853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575887","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","level":3,"score":0.49416473507881165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.44587165117263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39383798837661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.38660579919815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3820410370826721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3660163879394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3232361376285553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.211250901222229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20044425129890442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3555714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3555714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4088706312","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFF0719200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5367803404","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12105177","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7717468304","display_name":"\u79bb\u5b50\u9631\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7535\u573a\u566a\u58f0\u4e0e\u58f0\u5b50\u9000\u76f8\u5e72\u673a\u5236\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"11904423","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G917774465","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFF0719200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1656423015","https://openalex.org/W1932324358","https://openalex.org/W1983800304","https://openalex.org/W1994247513","https://openalex.org/W1999907551","https://openalex.org/W2000348457","https://openalex.org/W2024347741","https://openalex.org/W2034005430","https://openalex.org/W2045406558","https://openalex.org/W2060491266","https://openalex.org/W2101901245","https://openalex.org/W2116065713","https://openalex.org/W2149924016","https://openalex.org/W2353309387","https://openalex.org/W2417490892","https://openalex.org/W2510206922","https://openalex.org/W2537177079","https://openalex.org/W2539814713","https://openalex.org/W2765724984","https://openalex.org/W2795661296","https://openalex.org/W2941963459","https://openalex.org/W2972431256","https://openalex.org/W2988210151","https://openalex.org/W3025840600","https://openalex.org/W3033802614","https://openalex.org/W3042557754","https://openalex.org/W3134781927","https://openalex.org/W3196659109","https://openalex.org/W4200085410","https://openalex.org/W4225839174","https://openalex.org/W4361299179","https://openalex.org/W4364305011","https://openalex.org/W4380635007","https://openalex.org/W4381685380","https://openalex.org/W4387925141","https://openalex.org/W6600853102","https://openalex.org/W6610279934"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2996195527","https://openalex.org/W2978375718","https://openalex.org/W2351132524","https://openalex.org/W2612358220","https://openalex.org/W2916738897","https://openalex.org/W2392934913","https://openalex.org/W2003474770","https://openalex.org/W2801329620","https://openalex.org/W3147084777","https://openalex.org/W3216766086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,26],"article":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,34,52,57,63,71,154,179,199,207,222,244],"novel":[4],"approach":[5],"that":[6],"employs":[7],"error":[8,36,102],"amplification":[9,37],"and":[10,40,62,70,94,103,110,137,178,248],"ADC-based":[11],"dual-mixer":[12],"time-difference":[13],"(ADC-based-DMTD)":[14],"technique":[15],"for":[16],"high-precision":[17,80],"locking":[18,45,81,160,216],"of":[19,30,82,115,166,183,217,251],"laser":[20,68],"repetition":[21,88,219],"frequency":[22,44,54,59,92,101,105,135,149],"with":[23,153,206,221],"compact":[24],"size.":[25],"electronic":[27],"system":[28,213],"consists":[29],"two":[31],"main":[32],"components:":[33],"digitized":[35],"module":[38,46],"(EAM)":[39],"an":[41,76,126,163,249],"FPGA-based":[42],"digital":[43,140],"(DFLM).":[47],"The":[48,118],"EAM":[49,97,122],"mainly":[50],"integrates":[51],"configurable":[53,58],"generator":[55],"(CFG),":[56],"multiplier":[60],"(CFM),":[61],"mixer":[64],"to":[65,132,146,234],"process":[66],"the":[67,96,99,112,116,121,139,212,218],"pulses":[69],"high-stability":[72],"reference":[73],"source":[74],"(e.g.,":[75],"atomic":[77],"clock),":[78],"enabling":[79],"pulse":[83],"lasers":[84],"operating":[85],"at":[86,175,243],"different":[87],"frequencies.":[89],"By":[90],"employing":[91],"multiplication":[93],"mixing,":[95],"amplifies":[98],"laser\u2019s":[100],"performs":[104],"downconversion,":[106],"enhancing":[107],"measurement":[108],"sensitivity":[109],"reducing":[111],"hardware":[113],"requirements":[114],"back-end.":[117],"DFLM":[119],"receives":[120],"outputs":[123],"by":[124],"using":[125],"analog-to-digital":[127],"converter":[128],"(ADC)-based":[129],"DMTD":[130],"method":[131],"precisely":[133],"measure":[134],"errors,":[136],"then":[138],"proportional-integral\u2013derivative":[141],"(PID)":[142],"controller":[143],"provides":[144],"feedback":[145],"achieve":[147],"accurate":[148],"locking.":[150,256],"Initial":[151],"testing":[152],"voltage-controlled":[155],"oscillator":[156],"(VCO)":[157],"demonstrated":[158],"excellent":[159],"performance,":[161],"achieving":[162],"Allan":[164],"deviation":[165,181],"<inline-formula":[167,184,226,235],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[168,185,227,236],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[169,186,228,237],"<tex-math":[170,187,229,238],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$9.58":[171],"\\times":[172,231,240],"10^{-14}$":[173],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[174,233,242],"10":[176],"s":[177],"standard":[180],"(STD)":[182],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$7.7~\\mu":[188],"\\cdot":[189],"$":[190],"</tex-math></inline-formula>Hz":[191],"root":[192],"mean":[193],"square":[194],"(rms)":[195],"after":[196,255],"locking,":[197],"marking":[198],"five-order-of-magnitude":[200],"stability":[201,223],"enhancement.":[202],"In":[203],"laboratory":[204],"experiments":[205],"custom-built":[208],"femtosecond":[209],"fiber":[210],"laser,":[211],"achieved":[214],"robust":[215],"frequency,":[220],"improvement":[224],"from":[225],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.51":[230],"10^{-7}$":[232],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.12":[239],"10^{-12}$":[241],"10-s":[245],"gate":[246],"time":[247],"STD":[250],"0.43":[252],"MHz":[253],"rms":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
