{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408860613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3554855","title":"An Improved OTDR Signal Denoising Method Based on ICEEMDAN-NLM Algorithm","display_name":"An Improved OTDR Signal Denoising Method Based on ICEEMDAN-NLM Algorithm","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408860613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3554855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3554855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3554855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403534","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0371-4474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering and the Institute of Intelligent Communication and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering and the Institute of Intelligent Communication and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111898651","display_name":"Hongjun Ran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Ran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering and the Institute of Intelligent Communication and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering and the Institute of Intelligent Communication and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365226","display_name":"Bin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-558X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering and the Institute of Intelligent Communication and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering and the Institute of Intelligent Communication and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437188","display_name":"Xu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9080-8027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering and the Institute of Intelligent Communication and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering and the Institute of Intelligent Communication and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100344290","display_name":"Lei Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5860-0082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering and the Institute of Intelligent Communication and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering and the Institute of Intelligent Communication and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056383269","display_name":"Xiaoxue Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7440-4003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxue Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering and the Institute of Intelligent Communication and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering and the Institute of Intelligent Communication and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100403534"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6468,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94233625,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14225","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Control Systems","score":0.9336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.6664556264877319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5184478163719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-time-domain-reflectometer","display_name":"Optical time-domain reflectometer","score":0.5140196084976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.4998440742492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.49921607971191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4757344722747803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.44168806076049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2749527096748352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.23302745819091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.1828932762145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.170108824968338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-sensor","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","score":0.14482325315475464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.6664556264877319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5184478163719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187327482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580729","display_name":"Optical time-domain reflectometer","level":5,"score":0.5140196084976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.4998440742492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.49921607971191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4757344722747803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.44168806076049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2749527096748352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.23302745819091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.1828932762145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.170108824968338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.14482325315475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113102252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591869","display_name":"Graded-index fiber","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3554855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3554855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1140937482","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1481236583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KJQN202400625","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1681312916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62205043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2297511430","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62025105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3327114646","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071076","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3952533348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB2906200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4128731648","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62222103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4248454731","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KJZD-K202400608","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4830722007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024NSCQ-MSX0839","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5488987337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KJQN202300612","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5895228839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62401090","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6748178190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62331017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7903353260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62075024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G828857862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8770228944","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB2906200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1862394037","https://openalex.org/W2009465763","https://openalex.org/W2125056386","https://openalex.org/W2275729540","https://openalex.org/W2426723817","https://openalex.org/W2811489168","https://openalex.org/W2957419011","https://openalex.org/W2988649691","https://openalex.org/W3009405041","https://openalex.org/W3044004909","https://openalex.org/W3110911605","https://openalex.org/W3176548484","https://openalex.org/W4211187779","https://openalex.org/W4211240201","https://openalex.org/W4214717360","https://openalex.org/W4289886562","https://openalex.org/W4294608013","https://openalex.org/W4312929840","https://openalex.org/W4316468864","https://openalex.org/W4318218690","https://openalex.org/W4319592783","https://openalex.org/W4320726935","https://openalex.org/W4322707245","https://openalex.org/W4362581794","https://openalex.org/W4366957853","https://openalex.org/W4384341562","https://openalex.org/W4386435381","https://openalex.org/W4387415062","https://openalex.org/W4389104711","https://openalex.org/W4389461585","https://openalex.org/W4390187785","https://openalex.org/W4392826194","https://openalex.org/W4399426562","https://openalex.org/W4405233703"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2494806453","https://openalex.org/W3096721697","https://openalex.org/W2382550440","https://openalex.org/W2374737418","https://openalex.org/W3034544699","https://openalex.org/W2394464302","https://openalex.org/W4308823735","https://openalex.org/W4385545089","https://openalex.org/W2787240389","https://openalex.org/W4401575680"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"time-domain":[1],"reflectometer":[2],"(OTDR)":[3],"is":[4,33],"a":[5,66,75,195],"key":[6],"device":[7],"for":[8,198],"diagnosing":[9],"the":[10,31,45,104,120,132,137,141],"health":[11],"of":[12,140,176],"optical":[13],"fiber":[14],"links.":[15],"The":[16,179],"backscattered":[17],"signals":[18,54],"it":[19,39],"relies":[20],"on":[21,114],"are":[22],"inevitably":[23],"affected":[24],"by":[25],"noise":[26,51,94,129,199],"during":[27],"transmission,":[28],"especially":[29],"when":[30],"signal":[32,78,122],"weak":[34],"and":[35,60,124,148,162,170,193],"severely":[36],"disturbed,":[37],"making":[38],"difficult":[40],"to":[41,55,69,135],"identify":[42],"events":[43],"in":[44,174,185,201],"test":[46],"curve.":[47],"Consequently,":[48],"filtering":[49],"out":[50,127],"from":[52,111],"these":[53],"facilitate":[56],"subsequent":[57],"fault":[58],"localization":[59],"event":[61],"recognition":[62],"has":[63,81,182],"emerged":[64],"as":[65,160],"critical":[67],"problem":[68],"solve.":[70],"To":[71],"address":[72],"this":[73,153],"issue,":[74],"novel":[76],"OTDR":[77,142,202],"denoising":[79,139,157,177],"method":[80,154,181],"been":[82],"proposed,":[83],"combining":[84],"an":[85],"improved":[86,166],"complete":[87,136],"ensemble":[88],"empirical":[89],"mode":[90,106],"decomposition":[91],"with":[92,96],"adaptive":[93],"(ICEEMDAN)":[95],"nonlocal":[97],"means":[98],"(NLM)":[99],"filtering.":[100],"This":[101],"approach":[102,197],"classifies":[103],"intrinsic":[105],"function":[107],"(IMF)":[108],"components":[109,130],"derived":[110],"ICEEMDAN":[112],"based":[113],"their":[115],"sample":[116],"entropy":[117],"values,":[118],"reconstructs":[119],"divided":[121],"components,":[123],"further":[125],"filters":[126],"high-frequency":[128],"using":[131],"NLM":[133],"algorithm,":[134],"effective":[138],"signal.":[143],"Comparative":[144],"analyses":[145],"through":[146],"simulations":[147],"practical":[149],"examples":[150],"show":[151],"that":[152],"outperforms":[155],"traditional":[156],"techniques":[158],"such":[159],"soft":[161],"hard":[163],"wavelet":[164,167,172],"thresholding,":[165,168],"NLM,":[169],"ICEEMDAN-improved":[171],"thresholding":[173],"terms":[175],"effectiveness.":[178],"proposed":[180],"significant":[183],"improvements/reductions":[184],"signal-to-noise":[186],"ratio":[187],"(SNR)/root":[188],"mean":[189],"square":[190],"error":[191],"(RMSE)":[192],"provides":[194],"new":[196],"reduction":[200],"signals.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
