{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408564813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551792","title":"Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Gearboxes Based on Multisource Signal Fusion","display_name":"Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Gearboxes Based on Multisource Signal Fusion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408564813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551792"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3551792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101181893","display_name":"Quan Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5464-8235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5464-8235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101867965","display_name":"Shuai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6311-5479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6311-5479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022890229","display_name":"Changliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8201-0871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8201-0871","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101402197","display_name":"Weiliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-1345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-1345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094124805","display_name":"Shaokang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0381-8006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaokang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0381-8006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yaqiang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8997-8053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaqiang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8997-8053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018799998","display_name":"Yingjie Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2492-0226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179060312","display_name":"Northeast Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zqaxa34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179060312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjie Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin, China","Automation Engineering Department, University of Northeast Electric Power, Jilin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2492-0226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179060312"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automation Engineering Department, University of Northeast Electric Power, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179060312"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95559954,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.9668999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13891","display_name":"Engineering Diagnostics and Reliability","score":0.9462000131607056,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbine","display_name":"Turbine","score":0.6202090382575989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.5391931533813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5324308276176453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.48736101388931274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.46460527181625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42922353744506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.4264284372329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.37737441062927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.33780592679977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.29181164503097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2378847897052765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2020326554775238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.09130385518074036}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760","display_name":"Turbine","level":2,"score":0.6202090382575989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.5391931533813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5324308276176453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.48736101388931274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.46460527181625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42922353744506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4264284372329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.37737441062927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.33780592679977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.29181164503097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2378847897052765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2020326554775238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.09130385518074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3551792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1817709194","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JG005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3497870723","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GINY-21-98","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335879","funder_display_name":"Education and Scientific Research Project of Shanghai"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7475771615","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JC010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8379753297","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CXY2023001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336744","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Hubei Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335879","display_name":"Education and Scientific Research Project of Shanghai","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336744","display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Hubei Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W620177138","https://openalex.org/W2028346582","https://openalex.org/W2796122488","https://openalex.org/W2885446150","https://openalex.org/W2888780807","https://openalex.org/W2891044424","https://openalex.org/W2907006000","https://openalex.org/W2919710279","https://openalex.org/W2921663760","https://openalex.org/W2942392128","https://openalex.org/W2994932189","https://openalex.org/W3004656052","https://openalex.org/W3049745152","https://openalex.org/W3116250684","https://openalex.org/W3130713876","https://openalex.org/W3134374436","https://openalex.org/W3159983323","https://openalex.org/W3166416925","https://openalex.org/W3170226184","https://openalex.org/W3195979685","https://openalex.org/W3197293835","https://openalex.org/W3197933006","https://openalex.org/W3212445966","https://openalex.org/W4224267581","https://openalex.org/W4224311456","https://openalex.org/W4304114242","https://openalex.org/W4310987110","https://openalex.org/W4319337079","https://openalex.org/W4323655814","https://openalex.org/W4360995364","https://openalex.org/W4366829057","https://openalex.org/W4384027955","https://openalex.org/W4386317493","https://openalex.org/W4387167447","https://openalex.org/W4389543020","https://openalex.org/W4390665105","https://openalex.org/W4390700239","https://openalex.org/W4391582519","https://openalex.org/W4392207579","https://openalex.org/W4392472469","https://openalex.org/W4392694044","https://openalex.org/W4394673850","https://openalex.org/W4396523186","https://openalex.org/W4401427378","https://openalex.org/W6768952390"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2557657611","https://openalex.org/W3214712242","https://openalex.org/W2542556245","https://openalex.org/W3204461065","https://openalex.org/W1965417009","https://openalex.org/W2018320994","https://openalex.org/W2460685830","https://openalex.org/W2738547440","https://openalex.org/W3033558281","https://openalex.org/W2741863531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Enhancing":[0],"the":[1,19,34,80,109,120,154,168,192,197],"reliability":[2],"of":[3,21,26,196],"wind":[4,16],"turbines":[5],"(WTs)":[6],"is":[7,124],"essential":[8],"for":[9,200],"reducing":[10],"operational":[11],"and":[12,98,134,137,177,194],"maintenance":[13],"costs":[14],"in":[15,29,49,143,174,184],"farms.":[17],"However,":[18],"challenges":[20],"effectively":[22,157],"extracting":[23],"spatiotemporal":[24],"features":[25,97],"fault":[27,60,117,147],"signals":[28],"harsh":[30],"environments,":[31],"along":[32],"with":[33],"limitations":[35],"imposed":[36],"by":[37],"traditional":[38],"diagnostics":[39],"that":[40,153],"rely":[41],"solely":[42],"on":[43,64],"a":[44,65,71,83,144],"single":[45],"signal,":[46],"inhibit":[47],"improvements":[48],"diagnostic":[50,129,159,172],"accuracy.":[51],"To":[52],"address":[53],"these":[54],"issues,":[55],"we":[56],"propose":[57],"an":[58],"end-to-end":[59,116],"diagnosis":[61],"method":[62,199],"based":[63],"multisource":[66],"signal":[67],"fusion,":[68],"implemented":[69],"through":[70],"convolutional":[72,85],"neural":[73],"network-bidirectional":[74],"gated":[75],"recurrent":[76],"unit":[77],"(CNN-BiGRU).":[78],"Initially,":[79],"model":[81,156,169],"embeds":[82],"lightweight":[84],"block":[86],"attention":[87,106],"module":[88],"(CBAM),":[89],"which":[90],"leverages":[91],"CNN":[92],"to":[93,100,126,162],"capture":[94],"spatial":[95],"data":[96,138],"BiGRU":[99],"process":[101],"temporal":[102],"features.":[103],"This":[104],"CBAM":[105],"mechanism":[107],"enhances":[108],"network\u2019s":[110],"feature":[111],"representation":[112],"capabilities,":[113],"enabling":[114],"comprehensive":[115],"diagnosis.":[118,148],"Furthermore,":[119],"Dezert-Smarandache":[121],"theory":[122],"(DSmT)":[123],"employed":[125],"integrate":[127],"preliminary":[128],"results":[130],"from":[131],"acoustic,":[132],"vibration,":[133],"supervisory":[135],"control":[136],"acquisition":[139],"(SCADA)":[140],"data,":[141],"culminating":[142],"robust":[145],"gearbox":[146],"Comparative":[149],"case":[150,190],"studies":[151],"demonstrate":[152],"proposed":[155,198],"reduces":[158],"uncertainty":[160],"compared":[161],"single-signal":[163],"analysis":[164],"approaches.":[165],"In":[166],"addition,":[167],"achieves":[170],"stable":[171],"accuracy":[173],"both":[175],"steady":[176],"variable":[178],"operating":[179],"conditions,":[180],"as":[181,183],"well":[182],"various":[185],"noisy":[186],"environments.":[187],"The":[188],"comparative":[189],"validates":[191],"effectiveness":[193],"feasibility":[195],"practical":[201],"applications.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}