{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408442268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551490","title":"Improved EEGNet With a Multilevel Spatial Feature Extraction Module for EEG Decoding","display_name":"Improved EEGNet With a Multilevel Spatial Feature Extraction Module for EEG Decoding","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408442268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3551490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025516653","display_name":"Yujia Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5764-2896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yujia Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031545036","display_name":"Xu Ju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6284-3585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Ju","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004658466","display_name":"Jianxiang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2957-5257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxiang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015706474","display_name":"Yang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8967-0427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100612728","display_name":"Ming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-9897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071074935","display_name":"Dewen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7357-0053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dewen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025516653"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.214,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97515864,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9052000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.712679386138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6881938576698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6867201328277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.583293080329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5360375642776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5244864821434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4758850336074829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.45677274465560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.44527629017829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19415536522865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10965317487716675}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.712679386138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6881938576698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6867201328277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.583293080329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5360375642776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5244864821434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4758850336074829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.45677274465560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.44527629017829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19415536522865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10965317487716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3551490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1126397915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5670962352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62036013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8998979053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024QK2006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330206","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330206","display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027992048","https://openalex.org/W2089572795","https://openalex.org/W2114878555","https://openalex.org/W2559463885","https://openalex.org/W2570729414","https://openalex.org/W2625929003","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2788925456","https://openalex.org/W2948269031","https://openalex.org/W2954214015","https://openalex.org/W2992989584","https://openalex.org/W3013235689","https://openalex.org/W3040413318","https://openalex.org/W3043664281","https://openalex.org/W3049464275","https://openalex.org/W3099026523","https://openalex.org/W3112695512","https://openalex.org/W3113058752","https://openalex.org/W3124369533","https://openalex.org/W3126287844","https://openalex.org/W3127935830","https://openalex.org/W3152205189","https://openalex.org/W3166723624","https://openalex.org/W3171454251","https://openalex.org/W3199552958","https://openalex.org/W3200059418","https://openalex.org/W4205512712","https://openalex.org/W4211039151","https://openalex.org/W4211129624","https://openalex.org/W4220687132","https://openalex.org/W4220805741","https://openalex.org/W4223895421","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4285098698","https://openalex.org/W4294690816","https://openalex.org/W4300942166","https://openalex.org/W4312338965","https://openalex.org/W4312565043","https://openalex.org/W4312597583","https://openalex.org/W4312808724","https://openalex.org/W4315605987","https://openalex.org/W4319934143","https://openalex.org/W4365801660","https://openalex.org/W4368232928","https://openalex.org/W4378648025","https://openalex.org/W4380078694","https://openalex.org/W4382310389","https://openalex.org/W4384916143","https://openalex.org/W4386608629","https://openalex.org/W4388469815","https://openalex.org/W4388830382","https://openalex.org/W4392504398","https://openalex.org/W4393171299","https://openalex.org/W4395071103","https://openalex.org/W4399989662","https://openalex.org/W4401990975","https://openalex.org/W4406858588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2922348724","https://openalex.org/W200322357","https://openalex.org/W2130428257","https://openalex.org/W4308951944","https://openalex.org/W2057366091","https://openalex.org/W4312960290","https://openalex.org/W2049513647","https://openalex.org/W2988848585","https://openalex.org/W4233722919","https://openalex.org/W2032664813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,43,76,149,194],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"a":[3,82,124,128,196,249],"multilevel":[4],"spatial":[5,36,91,112,212,242],"feature":[6,37,41,46,79],"extraction":[7,38,47,80],"module":[8],"(mSEM)":[9],"is":[10,86,188],"presented":[11],"for":[12,68,252],"electroencephalography-based":[13],"brain-computer":[14],"interface":[15],"(EEG-BCI)":[16],"tasks":[17,151],"that":[18,132],"are":[19,30,52,66],"conducted":[20,121,152],"according":[21,57],"to":[22,58,72,88,185],"the":[23,44,77,90,95,110,116,133,154,161,171,174,189,199,207,211,216,224,227,232,254],"baseline":[24],"EEGNet":[25,104,163],"model.":[26],"Spatial":[27],"EEG":[28,50,118,245],"features":[29,113],"extracted":[31],"in":[32,108,146,215,244,258],"two":[33],"stages:":[34],"local":[35,45,74],"and":[39,62,97,105,127,170,219,240,247],"global":[40,78,83],"extraction.":[42],"stage,":[48,81],"all":[49,94],"electrodes":[51,96],"divided":[53],"into":[54],"several":[55],"groups":[56],"their":[59],"brain":[60,70,98,137,200],"regions,":[61],"specific":[63],"convolution":[64,84],"kernels":[65],"designed":[67],"each":[69],"region":[71,138,201],"extract":[73,89],"features.":[75],"kernel":[85],"used":[87],"pattern":[92],"among":[93],"regions.":[99],"The":[100],"mSEM":[101,134],"can":[102,141],"assist":[103],"its":[106],"variants":[107],"learning":[109],"latent":[111],"embedded":[114],"within":[115],"input":[117,217],"data.":[119],"Experiments":[120],"on":[122,153],"both":[123],"self-collected":[125],"dataset":[126,130],"public":[129,158],"show":[131],"with":[135,160],"various":[136],"division":[139,202],"strategies":[140],"improve":[142],"different":[143],"backbone":[144],"models":[145],"BCI":[147,155],"tasks.":[148],"subject-dependent":[150],"competition":[156],"IV-2A":[157],"dataset,":[159],"mSEM,":[162],"achieves":[164],"an":[165,204],"accuracy":[166,172],"increase":[167],"of":[168,173,198,206,210,226,234,256],"1.38%,":[169],"variant":[175],"model":[176],"attention":[177],"temporal":[178],"convolutional":[179],"network":[180],"(ATCNet)":[181],"increases":[182],"by":[183],"3.6%":[184],"89%,":[186],"which":[187],"current":[190],"state-of-the-art":[191],"(SOTA)":[192],"result.":[193],"addition,":[195],"validation":[197],"strategy,":[203],"analysis":[205,221],"utilization":[208],"efficiency":[209],"information":[213],"contained":[214],"data":[218],"other":[220],"experiments":[222],"demonstrate":[223],"effectiveness":[225],"mSEM.":[228],"This":[229],"study":[230],"reduces":[231],"effects":[233],"limitations":[235],"such":[236],"as":[237],"high":[238],"noise":[239],"low":[241],"resolution":[243],"measurements":[246],"provides":[248],"new":[250],"solution":[251],"enhancing":[253],"usability":[255],"EEG-BCIs":[257],"practical":[259],"scenarios.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
