{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408441839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551486","title":"Small Sample-Oriented Variable Working Condition Fault Diagnosis via Nondata-Enhanced Multicategory Contrastive Learning","display_name":"Small Sample-Oriented Variable Working Condition Fault Diagnosis via Nondata-Enhanced Multicategory Contrastive Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408441839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3551486","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100606679","display_name":"Jinping Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-882X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130607311","display_name":"Changsha Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sqk3z62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinping Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-882X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888","https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059426874","display_name":"Tiantian Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3691-1944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130607311","display_name":"Changsha Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sqk3z62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiantian Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3691-1944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888","https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086663856","display_name":"Yunlian Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I257545875","display_name":"Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00s7jmd98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I257545875"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0083-3745","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I257545875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065060171","display_name":"Lihui Cen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5323-4818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihui Cen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5323-4818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052658396","display_name":"Haidong Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8018-1774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haidong Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8018-1774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0349,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72070426,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.965399980545044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9448999762535095,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.6110314130783081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.5685615539550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5150815844535828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.41756415367126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4058437645435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37817874550819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18985560536384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09257322549819946}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6110314130783081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5685615539550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5150815844535828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.41756415367126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4058437645435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37817874550819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18985560536384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09257322549819946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3551486","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4634281644","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JJ50495","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5140436791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5400814945","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Nos.62371187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6120861289","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Nos.2024JJ8309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7130341656","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ8309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G720266791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62473384","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7231822496","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JJ50495","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2138621090","https://openalex.org/W2981037163","https://openalex.org/W3009370740","https://openalex.org/W3035725276","https://openalex.org/W3092600489","https://openalex.org/W3134397144","https://openalex.org/W3152566238","https://openalex.org/W3175593095","https://openalex.org/W3203494009","https://openalex.org/W3205893516","https://openalex.org/W3209453546","https://openalex.org/W3209651137","https://openalex.org/W3212739354","https://openalex.org/W4206510612","https://openalex.org/W4212861124","https://openalex.org/W4220760533","https://openalex.org/W4220795705","https://openalex.org/W4225673077","https://openalex.org/W4285134483","https://openalex.org/W4293732289","https://openalex.org/W4294811289","https://openalex.org/W4302275742","https://openalex.org/W4311897638","https://openalex.org/W4320015847","https://openalex.org/W4377990619","https://openalex.org/W4388761197","https://openalex.org/W4388817672","https://openalex.org/W4390659238","https://openalex.org/W4390738781","https://openalex.org/W4391377837","https://openalex.org/W4391616987","https://openalex.org/W4403059025"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1185300216","https://openalex.org/W2954163146","https://openalex.org/W3018365851","https://openalex.org/W3207484021","https://openalex.org/W2896057011","https://openalex.org/W3188962172","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W4312825515","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"real-world":[1],"industrial":[2,165],"scenarios,":[3],"production":[4],"equipment":[5],"and":[6,15,99,128,137,153,162,184,201],"process":[7],"systems":[8],"usually":[9],"operate":[10],"under":[11,49,196],"variable":[12,50,202],"working":[13,51,203],"conditions,":[14],"abnormal/faulty":[16],"samples":[17,200],"are":[18,55],"hard":[19],"to":[20,67,74,119,191],"collect,":[21],"bringing":[22],"great":[23],"challenges":[24],"in":[25],"implementing":[26],"intelligent":[27],"fault":[28,47,87,132,172],"diagnosis.":[29],"This":[30,77],"work":[31],"presents":[32],"a":[33,58,163,175],"novel":[34],"data":[35,75],"augmentation-free":[36],"multicategory":[37],"contrastive":[38],"learning":[39],"(MCCL)":[40],"framework":[41],"specifically":[42],"designed":[43],"for":[44],"small":[45,199],"sample-oriented":[46],"diagnosis":[48,133,173],"conditions.":[52,204],"The":[53,178],"contributions":[54],"twofold.":[56],"First,":[57],"sample":[59,69,83,117],"tuple":[60,70],"batch":[61],"construction":[62],"strategy":[63],"(STBCS)":[64],"is":[65,78,111],"proposed":[66,112,188],"establish":[68],"batches":[71],"without":[72],"resorting":[73],"augmentation.":[76],"achieved":[79],"by":[80],"leveraging":[81],"positive":[82],"pairs":[84],"from":[85,174],"all":[86],"categories":[88],"within":[89],"the":[90,97,102,115,126,131,149,154,168,182,187],"limited":[91],"small-sample":[92],"training":[93,103],"set,":[94],"thereby":[95,124],"enhancing":[96,125],"diversity":[98],"representativeness":[100],"of":[101,130,186],"data.":[104],"Second,":[105],"an":[106],"adaptive":[107],"MCCL":[108],"method":[109,189],"(AMCCLM)":[110],"based":[113],"on":[114,143],"constructed":[116],"tuples":[118],"learn":[120],"high-quality":[121],"domain-invariant":[122],"features,":[123],"generalizability":[127],"robustness":[129,185],"system.":[134],"Extensive":[135],"confirmatory":[136],"comparative":[138],"experiments":[139],"were":[140],"carried":[141],"out":[142],"two":[144],"publicly":[145],"available":[146],"benchmark":[147],"datasets:":[148],"spectra":[150],"quest":[151],"(SQ)":[152],"Case":[155],"Western":[156],"Reserve":[157],"University":[158],"(CWRU)":[159],"bearing":[160],"dataset,":[161],"real":[164],"application":[166],"scenario:":[167],"axial":[169],"flow":[170],"fan":[171],"steel-making":[176],"plant.":[177],"experimental":[179],"results":[180],"demonstrate":[181],"superiority":[183],"compared":[190],"representative":[192],"state-of-the-art":[193],"methods,":[194],"especially":[195],"conditions":[197],"involving":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}