{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408441627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551413","title":"Fast Sub-Hz Phase Noise Estimation Using a Simple Approximation in Terms of Allan Variance","display_name":"Fast Sub-Hz Phase Noise Estimation Using a Simple Approximation in Terms of Allan Variance","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408441627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551413"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3551413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032041328","display_name":"Karl F. Warnick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-6476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karl F. Warnick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-6476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032041328"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8971,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71412696,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12450","display_name":"Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11803","display_name":"Superconducting and THz Device Technology","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allan-variance","display_name":"Allan variance","score":0.9501044750213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.6050570011138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5670740604400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.5353085994720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5179914236068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.5164916515350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.458871066570282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4440227448940277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.44066131114959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4154842495918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4080422520637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.360421359539032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.2785581648349762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22061437368392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16929683089256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1573200821876526}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5722023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440227","display_name":"Allan variance","level":3,"score":0.9501044750213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.6050570011138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5670740604400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.5353085994720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5179914236068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5164916515350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.458871066570282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4440227448940277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.44066131114959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4154842495918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4080422520637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.360421359539032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2785581648349762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22061437368392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16929683089256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1573200821876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3551413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104356061","https://openalex.org/W2111147615","https://openalex.org/W2128117955","https://openalex.org/W4211126193","https://openalex.org/W4213409451","https://openalex.org/W6608643939"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2755914447","https://openalex.org/W2010494064","https://openalex.org/W2087372746","https://openalex.org/W2125072374","https://openalex.org/W2169751133","https://openalex.org/W2553054641","https://openalex.org/W3017938166","https://openalex.org/W2112136250","https://openalex.org/W3022580145","https://openalex.org/W2073437268"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"a":[1,30,44,58,122],"quasi-periodic":[2],"signal,":[3],"the":[4,7,18,22,53,73,87,109],"stability":[5],"of":[6,38,66],"signal":[8],"across":[9],"time":[10,94],"and":[11],"frequency":[12],"scales":[13,95],"can":[14,111],"be":[15,112],"quantified":[16],"with":[17,83,121],"Allan":[19,39,67,125],"variance":[20,40,126],"or":[21],"phase":[23,34,54,62,78,116],"error":[24,79,98],"power":[25],"spectral":[26],"density":[27],"(PSD).":[28],"Whether":[29],"closed-form":[31],"approximation":[32,60,74,110],"for":[33,61,77,89,96],"noise":[35,63,117],"in":[36,64],"terms":[37,65],"exists":[41],"has":[42],"remained":[43],"longstanding":[45],"open":[46],"question.":[47],"By":[48],"making":[49],"an":[50],"assumption":[51],"about":[52],"error,":[55],"we":[56],"develop":[57],"simple":[59],"variance.":[68],"Numerical":[69],"tests":[70,106],"show":[71,107],"that":[72,81,108],"is":[75,86,99],"accurate":[76],"spectra":[80],"decrease":[82],"frequency,":[84],"as":[85],"case":[88],"most":[90],"clock":[91],"signals":[92],"at":[93,118],"which":[97],"not":[100],"dominated":[101],"by":[102],"thermal":[103],"noise.":[104],"Experimental":[105],"used":[113],"to":[114],"estimate":[115],"low-frequency":[119],"offsets":[120],"relatively":[123],"short-time":[124],"measurement.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}