{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408399626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551129","title":"Optimized Design of Phase Self-Correcting Lock-in Amplifier","display_name":"Optimized Design of Phase Self-Correcting Lock-in Amplifier","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408399626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3551129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057063960","display_name":"Z.P. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9725-0692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengguang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9725-0692","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6736-2995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092495","display_name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics","ror":"https://ror.org/0027d9x02","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6736-2995","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092495","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000357121","display_name":"Zhanqiang Ru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-3063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092495","display_name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics","ror":"https://ror.org/0027d9x02","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanqiang Ru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-3063","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092495","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007936726","display_name":"Peng Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4904-2432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092495","display_name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics","ror":"https://ror.org/0027d9x02","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4904-2432","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092495","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102088777","display_name":"Suzhen Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092495","display_name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics","ror":"https://ror.org/0027d9x02","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suzhen Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2406-7248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092495","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108842779","display_name":"Jingwu Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7354-4662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092495","display_name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics","ror":"https://ror.org/0027d9x02","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwu Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7354-4662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092495","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109876290","display_name":"Dongmin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7904-2101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092495","display_name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics","ror":"https://ror.org/0027d9x02","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongmin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7904-2101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092495","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108705840","display_name":"Zhizhen Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092495","display_name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics","ror":"https://ror.org/0027d9x02","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhizhen Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8439-1452","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092495","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007307269","display_name":"Helun Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092495","display_name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics","ror":"https://ror.org/0027d9x02","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helun Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2924-9404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092495","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0704,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76076685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.9282000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.5570743083953857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lock","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","score":0.5035607218742371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4627983272075653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44469571113586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4258941411972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3896018862724304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3630922734737396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3387901186943054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2622830867767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.25698786973953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.16553181409835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.09718424081802368}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.5570743083953857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174839445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134386","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","level":2,"score":0.5035607218742371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4627983272075653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44469571113586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4258941411972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3896018862724304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3630922734737396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3387901186943054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2622830867767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25698786973953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.16553181409835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09718424081802368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3551129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966290451","https://openalex.org/W1968004110","https://openalex.org/W1976694370","https://openalex.org/W1980157640","https://openalex.org/W2015037469","https://openalex.org/W2060143244","https://openalex.org/W2064792302","https://openalex.org/W2069939083","https://openalex.org/W2074917848","https://openalex.org/W2080672537","https://openalex.org/W2094227127","https://openalex.org/W2099838661","https://openalex.org/W2118842680","https://openalex.org/W2149966554","https://openalex.org/W2160349201","https://openalex.org/W2278628055","https://openalex.org/W2280051502","https://openalex.org/W2402254972","https://openalex.org/W2470597547","https://openalex.org/W2580256319","https://openalex.org/W2583232558","https://openalex.org/W2886279084","https://openalex.org/W2943415794","https://openalex.org/W2944890695","https://openalex.org/W2969067362","https://openalex.org/W3021302047","https://openalex.org/W3032871274","https://openalex.org/W3040116797","https://openalex.org/W3135170742","https://openalex.org/W3162046119","https://openalex.org/W3197069552","https://openalex.org/W3211562598","https://openalex.org/W3217789057","https://openalex.org/W4200432414","https://openalex.org/W4225839174","https://openalex.org/W4286375734","https://openalex.org/W4312050974","https://openalex.org/W4312467001","https://openalex.org/W4361280884","https://openalex.org/W4381832966","https://openalex.org/W4384158609","https://openalex.org/W4387925141","https://openalex.org/W4388630245","https://openalex.org/W4389071071","https://openalex.org/W4390405715","https://openalex.org/W4391135070","https://openalex.org/W4399669300","https://openalex.org/W4400275693","https://openalex.org/W4402486702","https://openalex.org/W6773298210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2363983170","https://openalex.org/W2270181498","https://openalex.org/W2376330853","https://openalex.org/W4312978203","https://openalex.org/W4406511462","https://openalex.org/W4206642211","https://openalex.org/W2053214877","https://openalex.org/W2135814299"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,43,149],"output":[1],"of":[2,81,105,127,167],"a":[3,29,46,58,64,77,110,144,158,165],"single-phase":[4],"lock-in":[5],"amplifier":[6],"(LIA)":[7],"is":[8,138],"sensitive":[9],"to":[10,39,52,62,89,164],"the":[11,15,54,98,103,106,117,125,128,153],"phase":[12,35,47,55,66,78],"difference":[13,56],"between":[14],"input":[16,118],"and":[17,57,121,162],"reference":[18,99],"signals,":[19],"which":[20],"can":[21],"significantly":[22],"reduce":[23],"detection":[24],"sensitivity.":[25],"This":[26],"article":[27],"proposes":[28],"simple,":[30],"field-programmable":[31],"gate":[32],"array":[33],"(FPGA)-based,":[34],"self-correcting":[36],"LIA":[37],"(PSC-LIA)":[38],"address":[40],"this":[41],"issue.":[42],"PSC-LIA":[44,154],"employs":[45],"segment":[48],"estimation":[49],"(PSE)":[50],"function":[51],"determine":[53],"proportional-integral":[59],"(PI)":[60],"controller":[61],"generate":[63],"corrective":[65],"control":[67],"signal.":[68,100,119],"A":[69],"phase-adjustable":[70],"square":[71],"wave":[72],"generator":[73],"(P-A":[74],"SWG),":[75],"offering":[76],"adjustment":[79],"range":[80],"<inline-formula":[82,90],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[83,91],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[84,92],"<tex-math":[85,93],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$-\\pi":[86],"$":[87,95],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[88],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\pi":[94],"</tex-math></inline-formula>,":[96],"provides":[97],"To":[101],"simplify":[102],"design":[104],"low-pass":[107],"filter":[108,114],"(LPF),":[109],"dedicated":[111],"low-order":[112],"high-pass":[113],"(HPF)":[115],"preprocesses":[116],"Simulations":[120],"experimental":[122],"results":[123,150],"validate":[124],"effectiveness":[126],"proposed":[129],"PSC-LIA.":[130],"Furthermore,":[131],"its":[132],"efficacy":[133],"in":[134],"extracting":[135],"error":[136],"signals":[137],"evaluated":[139],"by":[140],"integrating":[141],"it":[142],"into":[143],"laser":[145],"frequency":[146],"stabilization":[147],"system.":[148],"demonstrate":[151],"that":[152],"exhibits":[155],"excellent":[156],"performance,":[157],"fast":[159],"response":[160],"time,":[161],"adaptability":[163],"variety":[166],"applications.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}