{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408565052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3550214","title":"SOC Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Based on Discharge Stage Division and Fusion Modeling","display_name":"SOC Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Based on Discharge Stage Division and Fusion Modeling","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408565052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3550214"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3550214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3550214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050148027","display_name":"Yuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2459-3694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2459-3694","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048393106","display_name":"Yanzhong Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanzhong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0609-8292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020019416","display_name":"Yigang He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6642-0740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yigang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6642-0740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053217670","display_name":"Zhiqiang Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-347X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Internet, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-347X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022727373","display_name":"Yujing Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujing Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6094-1754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100359164","display_name":"Siyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0147-8248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6718,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94838305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9409999847412109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9265999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/division","display_name":"Division (mathematics)","score":0.6993312239646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.6060670614242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5987842679023743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium","display_name":"Lithium (medication)","score":0.5900585055351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-pack","display_name":"Battery pack","score":0.504037082195282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.4882369339466095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.39219269156455994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3698005676269531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3655601739883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33838963508605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1276436746120453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.12487640976905823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11980688571929932}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60798267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1226939","display_name":"Division (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6993312239646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.6060670614242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5987842679023743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778541603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152763","display_name":"Lithium (medication)","level":2,"score":0.5900585055351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778508592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420116","display_name":"Battery pack","level":4,"score":0.504037082195282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.4882369339466095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39219269156455994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3698005676269531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3655601739883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33838963508605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1276436746120453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.12487640976905823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11980688571929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3550214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3550214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1396908399","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6807\u8bc6\u4f20\u611f\u878d\u5408\u7684\u8f93\u53d8\u7535\u8bbe\u5907\u4fe1\u606f\u611f\u77e5\u4e0e\u5904\u7406\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"51637004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G537790022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB2406900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G634093225","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB0905905","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569610087","https://openalex.org/W1993754847","https://openalex.org/W1996801827","https://openalex.org/W2028626568","https://openalex.org/W2921970606","https://openalex.org/W2988782863","https://openalex.org/W3015632404","https://openalex.org/W3024286251","https://openalex.org/W3033613562","https://openalex.org/W3107462358","https://openalex.org/W3200269691","https://openalex.org/W3202939119","https://openalex.org/W4200504627","https://openalex.org/W4213414089","https://openalex.org/W4214515524","https://openalex.org/W4220961898","https://openalex.org/W4283767610","https://openalex.org/W4283790196","https://openalex.org/W4290098823","https://openalex.org/W4295125731","https://openalex.org/W4306907102","https://openalex.org/W4320009984","https://openalex.org/W4321766096","https://openalex.org/W4321767386","https://openalex.org/W4322704170","https://openalex.org/W4324393296","https://openalex.org/W4327662979","https://openalex.org/W4362501429","https://openalex.org/W4376456543","https://openalex.org/W4379382552","https://openalex.org/W4384306254","https://openalex.org/W4386170473","https://openalex.org/W4386634621","https://openalex.org/W4387643752","https://openalex.org/W4387940663","https://openalex.org/W4388793424","https://openalex.org/W4393193212","https://openalex.org/W4396632208","https://openalex.org/W4402903148","https://openalex.org/W6639343999","https://openalex.org/W6838088934"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769436535","https://openalex.org/W2034497065","https://openalex.org/W3089665826","https://openalex.org/W2519883542","https://openalex.org/W2735869303","https://openalex.org/W2980755701","https://openalex.org/W2912747347","https://openalex.org/W4381929093","https://openalex.org/W4295015834","https://openalex.org/W2801146782"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"meet":[1],"practical":[2],"usage":[3,21],"requirements,":[4],"lithium-ion":[5],"batteries":[6,27,107,173,178],"usually":[7],"need":[8],"to":[9,16,36,66,129,151,167,210],"form":[10],"a":[11,51,144,183,261],"battery":[12,30,45,52,68,80,116,134,137,221],"pack.":[13,31],"However,":[14],"due":[15],"production":[17],"deviations":[18],"and":[19,62,71,92,117,181,193,240],"different":[20],"environments,":[22],"there":[23],"are":[24,76,98,208],"inconsistencies":[25],"between":[26,106,177],"within":[28],"the":[29,38,44,67,79,85,88,104,111,114,131,153,157,161,169,175,186,189,198,212,218,253],"This":[32,48],"makes":[33],"it":[34],"challenging":[35],"estimate":[37,168],"state":[39],"of":[40,43,133,156,171,188,214,264],"charge":[41],"(SOC)":[42],"pack":[46,53,81,222],"accurately.":[47],"article":[49],"proposes":[50],"SOC":[54,72,101,138,170],"estimation":[55,102,154,258],"approach":[56],"based":[57],"on":[58,136,217],"discharge":[59,69,82],"stage":[60],"division":[61],"fusion":[63],"modeling.":[64],"According":[65],"characteristics":[70],"inconsistency,":[73],"three":[74],"stages":[75],"divided":[77],"in":[78],"process.":[83],"In":[84,110,160],"first":[86],"stage,":[87,113,163],"second-order":[89],"RC":[90],"model":[91],"extended":[93],"Kalman":[94],"filter":[95],"(EKF)":[96],"algorithm":[97],"employed":[99],"for":[100,147],"as":[103,174],"consistency":[105],"is":[108,149,165,276],"good.":[109],"second":[112],"representative":[115],"long":[118],"short-term":[119],"memory":[120],"(LSTM)":[121],"recurrent":[122],"neural":[123],"network":[124],"(RNN)":[125],"will":[126],"be":[127],"used":[128],"consider":[130],"impact":[132],"inconsistency":[135,176],"estimation.":[139],"An":[140],"ampere-hour":[141],"integration":[142],"with":[143,250,260],"constraint":[145],"factor":[146],"smoothing":[148],"applied":[150],"enhance":[152],"accuracy":[155],"LSTM":[158],"network.":[159],"third":[162],"EKF":[164],"utilized":[166],"all":[172],"increases":[179],"significantly":[180],"reaches":[182],"maximum":[184,262,268],"at":[185,223],"end":[187],"discharge.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"experiments":[192],"actual":[194,272],"vehicle":[195,273],"tests":[196],"under":[197,271],"Worldwide":[199],"Harmonized":[200],"Light":[201],"Vehicles":[202],"Test":[203],"Cycle":[204],"(WLTC)":[205],"working":[206],"conditions":[207,275],"conducted":[209],"verify":[211],"effectiveness":[213],"proposed":[215,254],"methods":[216],"ternary":[219],"lithium":[220],"<inline-formula":[224,232,241],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[225,233,242],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[226,234,243],"<tex-math":[227,235,244],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0~^{\\circ":[228],"}":[229,237,246],"$":[230,238,247],"</tex-math></inline-formula>C,":[231,239],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$25~^{\\circ":[236],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$45~^{\\circ":[245],"</tex-math></inline-formula>C.":[248],"Compared":[249],"other":[251],"algorithms,":[252],"method":[255],"has":[256],"good":[257],"performance,":[259],"RMSE":[263],"only":[265],"0.8%.":[266],"The":[267],"prediction":[269],"error":[270],"operating":[274],"less":[277],"than":[278],"1.2%.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
