{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408182708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3548782","title":"Privacy-Preserving Facial Emotion Classification With Visual Micro-Doppler Signatures for Hearing Aid Applications","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Facial Emotion Classification With Visual Micro-Doppler Signatures for Hearing Aid Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408182708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3548782"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3548782","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3548782","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/54595.html>,","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000714773","display_name":"Usman Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-5483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Usman Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020631373","display_name":"Yinhuan Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-9594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinhuan Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022272531","display_name":"Tughrul Arslan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8176-5803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tughrul Arslan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058869522","display_name":"Kia Dashtipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9651-6487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kia Dashtipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068981769","display_name":"Mandar Gogate","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1712-9014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mandar Gogate","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062211930","display_name":"Amir Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-082X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047892843","display_name":"Qammer H. Abbasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-9969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qammer H. Abbasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331811","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-9136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048996236","display_name":"Tom C. Russ","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9797-2188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091839","display_name":"Alzheimer Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/00ev71s96","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091839"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom C. Russ","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091839"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091839","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005526411","display_name":"Peter Lomax","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-7815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Lomax","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000714773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0048,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94699589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6109470129013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hearing-aid","display_name":"Hearing aid","score":0.563653826713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5435594916343689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.47794225811958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.4687246084213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4219197630882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3519400954246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32583558559417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiology","display_name":"Audiology","score":0.24135196208953857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10654175281524658}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6109470129013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323808","display_name":"Hearing aid","level":2,"score":0.563653826713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5435594916343689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.47794225811958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.4687246084213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4219197630882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3519400954246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32583558559417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.24135196208953857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10654175281524658}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3548782","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3548782","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:348682","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/54595.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/41fa1f5a-d479-488d-a2d8-acb707227128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/493710524/Privacy-preserving_Facial_Emotion_Classification-1.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Anwar, U, Dong, Y, Arslan, T, Dashtipour, K, Gogate, M, Hussain, A, Abbasi, Q H, Imran, M A, Russ, T & Lomax, P 2025, 'Privacy-preserving Facial Emotion Classification with Visual Micro-Doppler Signatures for Hearing Aid Applications', IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 74, 8002310. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3548782","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/41fa1f5a-d479-488d-a2d8-acb707227128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/41fa1f5a-d479-488d-a2d8-acb707227128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Anwar, U, Dong, Y, Arslan, T, Dashtipour, K, Gogate, M, Hussain, A, Abbasi, Q H, Imran, M A, Russ, T & Lomax, P 2025, 'Privacy-preserving Facial Emotion Classification with Visual Micro-Doppler Signatures for Hearing Aid Applications', IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 74, 8002310. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3548782","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:348682","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/54595.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2193117753","display_name":"COG-MHEAR: Towards cognitively-inspired 5G-IoT enabled, multi-modal Hearing Aids","funder_award_id":"EP/T021063/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2447866707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/T021063/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322799","display_name":"Higher Education Commission, Pakistan","ror":"https://ror.org/038y3sz68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2486814969","https://openalex.org/W2511177866","https://openalex.org/W2786768213","https://openalex.org/W2792191740","https://openalex.org/W2888111194","https://openalex.org/W2889114526","https://openalex.org/W2892982561","https://openalex.org/W2910216282","https://openalex.org/W2973410747","https://openalex.org/W3093503804","https://openalex.org/W3101180469","https://openalex.org/W3108777672","https://openalex.org/W3184627963","https://openalex.org/W3195582144","https://openalex.org/W3196145849","https://openalex.org/W3205437075","https://openalex.org/W4200149041","https://openalex.org/W4205722839","https://openalex.org/W4286559677","https://openalex.org/W4294991805","https://openalex.org/W4386320406","https://openalex.org/W4387849875","https://openalex.org/W4392045009","https://openalex.org/W4394670654","https://openalex.org/W4396752811","https://openalex.org/W6637373629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067052360","https://openalex.org/W98124138","https://openalex.org/W4252502888","https://openalex.org/W2461836904","https://openalex.org/W4255897921","https://openalex.org/W2771674140","https://openalex.org/W3126677997","https://openalex.org/W1610857240","https://openalex.org/W2584926856","https://openalex.org/W2075935902"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"expressions":[1],"are":[2,44,50,128],"a":[3,23,143],"crucial":[4],"aspect":[5],"of":[6,148,158],"nonverbal":[7],"communication":[8],"and":[9,33,49,59,74,90,164,178,197],"often":[10,16],"reflect":[11],"underlying":[12],"emotional":[13,31],"states.":[14],"Researchers":[15],"use":[17],"facial":[18,69,72,102,126],"emotion":[19,75],"detection":[20],"(FED)":[21],"as":[22],"tool":[24],"to":[25,40,52,64,100,134],"gain":[26],"insights":[27],"into":[28],"cognitive":[29,34,179,191],"processes,":[30],"states,":[32],"load.":[35],"The":[36,94,111,124,139,166],"conventional":[37],"camera-based":[38],"methods":[39],"sense":[41],"human":[42],"emotions":[43,157],"privacy":[45],"intrusive,":[46],"lack":[47],"adaptability,":[48],"sensitive":[51],"variability.":[53],"These":[54],"technologies":[55],"have":[56],"limited":[57],"generalization":[58],"may":[60],"not":[61],"adapt":[62],"well":[63],"variations":[65],"in":[66,187],"ambient":[67],"lighting,":[68],"landmark":[70],"localization,":[71],"occlusions,":[73],"intensity.":[76],"Radio":[77],"frequency":[78],"(RF)":[79],"sensing":[80],"offers":[81],"promising":[82],"avenues":[83],"for":[84,193],"improvement":[85],"with":[86,174],"contactless,":[87],"noninvasive,":[88],"privacy-preserving,":[89],"reliable":[91],"radar-based":[92],"measurements.":[93,123],"proposed":[95,140],"framework":[96],"uses":[97],"deep-learning":[98,136],"techniques":[99],"classify":[101],"micro-Doppler":[103],"signatures":[104],"generated":[105],"from":[106,119,130],"an":[107],"ultra-wideband":[108],"(UWB)":[109],"radar.":[110],"method":[112],"relies":[113],"on":[114,150],"continuous":[115],"multilevel":[116],"feature":[117],"learning":[118],"radar":[120,132],"time-frequency":[121],"Doppler":[122],"spatiotemporal":[125],"features":[127],"extracted":[129],"the":[131,151,189],"data":[133,154],"train":[135],"(DL)":[137],"models.":[138],"system":[141,167],"achieves":[142],"high":[144],"multiclass":[145],"classification":[146],"accuracy":[147],"77%":[149],"continuously":[152],"streamed":[153],"covering":[155],"basic":[156],"anger,":[159],"disgust,":[160],"fear,":[161],"happiness,":[162],"neutrality,":[163],"sadness.":[165],"can":[168,183],"transform":[169],"next-generation":[170],"multimodal":[171],"hearing":[172],"aids":[173],"emotion-aware":[175],"listening":[176],"effort":[177,192],"load":[180],"detection.":[181],"This":[182],"be":[184],"particularly":[185],"useful":[186],"translating":[188],"emotion-assisted":[190],"real-time":[194],"speech":[195],"enhancement":[196],"personalized":[198],"auditory":[199],"experience.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}