{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408125722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3547121","title":"Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography System With Multisine Excitation for Real-Time Spectral Imaging","display_name":"Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography System With Multisine Excitation for Real-Time Spectral Imaging","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408125722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3547121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3547121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3547121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460007","display_name":"Fu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3546-5508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130607311","display_name":"Changsha Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sqk3z62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Design and the Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China","College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3546-5508","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Design and the Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888","https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fulin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2968-9186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156162","display_name":"Nanjing Jiangning Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04sk80178","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156162"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fulin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, China","College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2968-9186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156162"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wensheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6933-8102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156162","display_name":"Nanjing Jiangning Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04sk80178","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156162"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wensheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, China","College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6933-8102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156162"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiaxing Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5192-0046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156162","display_name":"Nanjing Jiangning Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04sk80178","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156162"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxing Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, China","College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5192-0046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156162"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068517081","display_name":"Haijun Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0743-0762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156162","display_name":"Nanjing Jiangning Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04sk80178","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156162"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haijun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, China","College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0743-0762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156162"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016817843","display_name":"Yuxiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1837-3628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130607311","display_name":"Changsha Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sqk3z62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Design and the Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China","College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1837-3628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Design and the Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888","https://openalex.org/I3130607311"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5825,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88966378,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance-tomography","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography","score":0.833655595779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excitation","display_name":"Excitation","score":0.6606411933898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.6400619745254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.5147214531898499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.4729337990283966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4605826735496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-resistivity-tomography","display_name":"Electrical resistivity tomography","score":0.4357423186302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focused-impedance-measurement","display_name":"Focused Impedance Measurement","score":0.4315720200538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.35935625433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.34202468395233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.300126850605011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23340213298797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.21524456143379211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity","display_name":"Electrical resistivity and conductivity","score":0.12178435921669006}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155175808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326472","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography","level":3,"score":0.833655595779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83581075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361503","display_name":"Excitation","level":2,"score":0.6606411933898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.6400619745254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.5147214531898499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.4729337990283966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4605826735496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60591178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488986","display_name":"Electrical resistivity tomography","level":3,"score":0.4357423186302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172066009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5463955","display_name":"Focused Impedance Measurement","level":3,"score":0.4315720200538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.35935625433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.34202468395233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.300126850605011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23340213298797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.21524456143379211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69990965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698","display_name":"Electrical resistivity and conductivity","level":2,"score":0.12178435921669006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3547121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3547121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3894632600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32201134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4850682310","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ5271","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8758630300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32171366","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8841899435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025JJ50156","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965020997","https://openalex.org/W1971662692","https://openalex.org/W1976631627","https://openalex.org/W2002428526","https://openalex.org/W2002892011","https://openalex.org/W2041247890","https://openalex.org/W2055899967","https://openalex.org/W2078097192","https://openalex.org/W2126305878","https://openalex.org/W2129374966","https://openalex.org/W2273309875","https://openalex.org/W2301078608","https://openalex.org/W2566378564","https://openalex.org/W2584946974","https://openalex.org/W2749919169","https://openalex.org/W2750921419","https://openalex.org/W2789331719","https://openalex.org/W2794331522","https://openalex.org/W2896989731","https://openalex.org/W2912893816","https://openalex.org/W2913886006","https://openalex.org/W2919509499","https://openalex.org/W2942027542","https://openalex.org/W2945973759","https://openalex.org/W3014540441","https://openalex.org/W3089571302","https://openalex.org/W3097609090","https://openalex.org/W3121732742","https://openalex.org/W3155416165","https://openalex.org/W3209243150","https://openalex.org/W4214614164","https://openalex.org/W4254603833","https://openalex.org/W4360618740","https://openalex.org/W4382987299","https://openalex.org/W4384499962","https://openalex.org/W4385613039","https://openalex.org/W4386078203","https://openalex.org/W4387623683","https://openalex.org/W4392173983","https://openalex.org/W4393241124","https://openalex.org/W4393252887"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2359871536","https://openalex.org/W4239884404","https://openalex.org/W2215273690","https://openalex.org/W2060278704","https://openalex.org/W2553917976","https://openalex.org/W2526896022","https://openalex.org/W4401115156","https://openalex.org/W2375739220","https://openalex.org/W759704566","https://openalex.org/W2041417742"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0,235],"a":[1,41,70,133,146,184,203,215],"new":[2],"type":[3],"of":[4,24,61,107,116,132,175],"functional":[5],"spectral":[6,88,162,171,200,212],"imaging":[7,89,201,213,226],"technique,":[8,81],"the":[9,20,28,77,103,117,129,176,231,236,247],"multifrequency":[10,78],"electrical":[11],"impedance":[12],"tomography":[13],"(mf-EIT)":[14],"can":[15],"reconstruct":[16],"images":[17],"according":[18],"to":[19,99,230,256],"frequency-dependent":[21],"conductivity":[22],"distribution":[23],"biological":[25,49,272],"tissues.":[26],"However,":[27],"traditional":[29,232],"mf-EIT":[30,73,118,170,178,233,239,258],"systems":[31],"are":[32,52,120,220],"usually":[33],"based":[34,75],"on":[35,76,183,202,214,269],"stepped-sine":[36],"(sweeping-frequency)":[37],"excitation,":[38],"which":[39,82,127,189,223],"have":[40,128],"high":[42,191],"signal-to-noise":[43],"ratio":[44],"(SNR)":[45],"for":[46,55,86,139,152,159,167],"recording":[47],"stationary":[48],"characteristics":[50],"but":[51],"not":[53],"suitable":[54],"capturing":[56],"dynamic":[57,271],"physiological":[58],"activities":[59],"because":[60],"its":[62],"relatively":[63],"long":[64],"sweeping":[65],"time.":[66],"This":[67],"article":[68],"developed":[69,177],"serial":[71,238],"16-electrode":[72],"system":[74,119,179,240,248],"simultaneous":[79],"(MFS)":[80],"adopts":[83],"multisine":[84],"excitation":[85,142],"real-time":[87,169],"(RSI)":[90],"at":[91],"nine":[92],"logarithmically":[93],"distributed":[94],"frequencies":[95],"ranging":[96],"from":[97],"10":[98],"995":[100],"kHz":[101],"with":[102,124,143],"maximum":[104],"frame":[105],"rate":[106],"20":[108],"frames/s":[109],"(FPS).":[110],"The":[111,173],"hardware":[112,249],"and":[113,164,193,208,252,260,264],"software":[114,166],"implementations":[115],"described":[121],"in":[122],"detail":[123],"modular":[125],"architecture,":[126],"novel":[130],"features":[131],"wideband":[134],"mirrored":[135],"current":[136],"source":[137],"(MCS)":[138],"adjustable":[140],"MFS":[141,161],"customized":[144],"spectrum,":[145],"highly":[147],"flexible":[148],"electrode":[149],"switching":[150],"array":[151],"arbitrary":[153],"sensing":[154],"configuration,":[155],"integer-period":[156],"sampling":[157],"strategy":[158],"accurate":[160],"demodulation,":[163],"graphic":[165],"parameter-adjustable":[168],"imaging.":[172],"performance":[174,227],"is":[180],"first":[181,237],"verified":[182],"circle":[185],"saline":[186],"(CS)":[187],"phantom,":[188],"shows":[190],"SNR":[192],"channel":[194],"consistency.":[195],"Moreover,":[196],"frequency-difference":[197],"EIT":[198,210],"(fd-EIT)":[199],"lung-shape":[204],"raw-potatoes":[205],"(LSRPs)":[206],"phantom":[207,219],"time-difference":[209],"(td-EIT)":[211],"two-balloon":[216],"cooked-mashed-potatoes":[217],"(TBCMPs)":[218],"carried":[221],"out,":[222],"show":[224],"similar":[225],"metrics":[228],"compared":[229,255],"systems.":[234],"that":[241],"supports":[242],"RSI,":[243],"it":[244],"greatly":[245],"decreases":[246],"complexity,":[250],"cost,":[251],"development":[253],"difficulty":[254],"parallel":[257],"systems,":[259],"has":[261],"significant":[262],"clinical":[263],"industrial":[265,274],"application":[266],"prospects,":[267],"especially":[268],"monitoring":[270],"or":[273],"processes.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}