{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407937770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3545503","title":"Fault Diagnosis in Rolling Bearings Using Multi-Gaussian Attention and Covariance Loss for Single Domain Generalization","display_name":"Fault Diagnosis in Rolling Bearings Using Multi-Gaussian Attention and Covariance Loss for Single Domain Generalization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407937770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3545503"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3545503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3545503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381751","display_name":"Yan Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7050-4368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087736777","display_name":"Yinghao Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-6760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinghao Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058803547","display_name":"Daichao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4819-3230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daichao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100724405","display_name":"Yibin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9484-149X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100707101","display_name":"Yu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2842-6340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, U.K","Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100381751"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1454,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84835737,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11583","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.6837668418884277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6321113705635071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.6223253011703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5573208928108215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.476644366979599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4742790162563324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.4254091680049896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39981645345687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3760601878166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3542127013206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3286058306694031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3221268653869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29977577924728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28311237692832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.19390052556991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.14158770442008972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12726637721061707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11000558733940125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.6837668418884277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6321113705635071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6223253011703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5573208928108215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.476644366979599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4742790162563324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.4254091680049896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39981645345687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3760601878166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3542127013206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3286058306694031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3221268653869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29977577924728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28311237692832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.19390052556991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.14158770442008972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12726637721061707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11000558733940125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3545503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3545503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4909736964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62273202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067802406","https://openalex.org/W2101946706","https://openalex.org/W2509107061","https://openalex.org/W2530133016","https://openalex.org/W2798658180","https://openalex.org/W2898760173","https://openalex.org/W2939535241","https://openalex.org/W2963118547","https://openalex.org/W2963448658","https://openalex.org/W3003808336","https://openalex.org/W3020886907","https://openalex.org/W3083358932","https://openalex.org/W3154924178","https://openalex.org/W4213416527","https://openalex.org/W4220864965","https://openalex.org/W4285237062","https://openalex.org/W4285900042","https://openalex.org/W4311750276","https://openalex.org/W4313397386","https://openalex.org/W4317038442","https://openalex.org/W4321033087","https://openalex.org/W4321350102","https://openalex.org/W4321793748","https://openalex.org/W4389509589","https://openalex.org/W4390094993","https://openalex.org/W4392239473","https://openalex.org/W4399457583","https://openalex.org/W4402312051","https://openalex.org/W6745840574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4300066510","https://openalex.org/W1971337326","https://openalex.org/W2056958800","https://openalex.org/W4213259725","https://openalex.org/W4311388919","https://openalex.org/W1964490787","https://openalex.org/W2060696366","https://openalex.org/W1964286703","https://openalex.org/W2169866437","https://openalex.org/W3056417032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,99,143],"article":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,44,110],"new":[4,50],"method":[5,34],"for":[6,119,153],"fault":[7,75],"diagnosis":[8],"in":[9],"rolling":[10,133],"bearings,":[11],"addressing":[12],"performance":[13,144],"drops":[14],"caused":[15],"by":[16],"domain":[17,24,46],"shifts":[18],"under":[19],"changing":[20],"operational":[21],"conditions.":[22,51],"Unlike":[23],"generalization":[25,65],"(DG),":[26],"which":[27],"relies":[28],"on":[29,36,93,128],"multiple":[30],"source":[31],"domains,":[32],"this":[33],"focuses":[35],"single":[37,45,58,83],"DG":[38,59],"to":[39,49,62,66,115],"learn":[40],"robust":[41,104],"features":[42,76],"from":[43],"and":[47,85,103,131],"generalize":[48],"The":[52],"proposed":[53],"method,":[54],"called":[55],"multi-Gaussian":[56],"attention-based":[57],"(MGA-SDG),":[60],"aims":[61],"enhance":[63],"model":[64],"unseen":[67],"target":[68],"domains.":[69,108],"Multi-Gaussian":[70],"attention":[71,90],"(MGA)":[72],"projects":[73],"multiscale":[74],"into":[77],"Gaussian":[78,87],"feature":[79,94,105,124],"spaces":[80],"using":[81],"both":[82,129],"modal":[84],"bimodal":[86],"functions,":[88],"assigning":[89],"weights":[91],"based":[92],"alignment":[95],"with":[96],"these":[97],"functions.":[98],"process":[100],"ensures":[101],"consistent":[102],"representations":[106],"across":[107],"Furthermore,":[109],"covariance":[111],"loss":[112],"is":[113],"employed":[114],"maintain":[116],"distinct":[117],"distributions":[118],"the":[120],"weighted":[121],"features,":[122],"enhancing":[123],"diversity.":[125],"Experimental":[126],"results":[127],"public":[130],"proprietary":[132],"bearing":[134],"datasets":[135],"show":[136],"that":[137,146],"MGA-SDG":[138],"achieves":[139],"over":[140],"95.81%":[141],"accuracy.":[142],"exceeds":[145],"of":[147],"state-of-the-art":[148],"methods,":[149],"highlighting":[150],"its":[151],"potential":[152],"real-world":[154],"industrial":[155],"applications.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}