{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407317485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3540132","title":"C2T-HR3D: Cross-Fusion of CNN and Transformer for High-Speed Railway Dropper Defect Detection","display_name":"C2T-HR3D: Cross-Fusion of CNN and Transformer for High-Speed Railway Dropper Defect Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407317485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3540132"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3540132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3540132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061175509","display_name":"Jin He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6017-5740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jin He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009594218","display_name":"Fengmao Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1640-0992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengmao Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, P.R.China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100627504","display_name":"Jun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-3420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340964","display_name":"Min Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0977-3600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Fusionopolis, Singapore","A*STAR, Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"A*STAR, Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077852542","display_name":"Badong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1710-3818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Badong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (IAIR), Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (IAIR), Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100604225","display_name":"Shiping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5195-9682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061175509"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4719,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94745355,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9659000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5817275643348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5465847849845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4443766474723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.380764365196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.37977591156959534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.36998194456100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.19380423426628113}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5817275643348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5465847849845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4443766474723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.380764365196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.37977591156959534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36998194456100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.19380423426628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3540132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3540132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2014663916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0112700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2979006455","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3221904209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFG0180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336596","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8745743047","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336596","display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2765407302","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2768067151","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963495494","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2966926453","https://openalex.org/W2974652037","https://openalex.org/W2992308087","https://openalex.org/W3014860947","https://openalex.org/W3016719260","https://openalex.org/W3016977684","https://openalex.org/W3035396860","https://openalex.org/W3084136118","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3121523901","https://openalex.org/W3130411864","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3160694286","https://openalex.org/W3160988939","https://openalex.org/W3165219354","https://openalex.org/W3171660447","https://openalex.org/W3183430956","https://openalex.org/W3190492058","https://openalex.org/W3193363287","https://openalex.org/W3207348653","https://openalex.org/W4206797944","https://openalex.org/W4226512186","https://openalex.org/W4312349930","https://openalex.org/W4312769131","https://openalex.org/W4312950730","https://openalex.org/W4312960790","https://openalex.org/W4312977443","https://openalex.org/W4366352791","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4389104693","https://openalex.org/W4392405503","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6739622702","https://openalex.org/W6743428213","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6809665764","https://openalex.org/W6838387208","https://openalex.org/W6839178539","https://openalex.org/W6840156360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2099421762","https://openalex.org/W2530546662","https://openalex.org/W2967030268","https://openalex.org/W2185253430","https://openalex.org/W4210345652","https://openalex.org/W1984333081","https://openalex.org/W2945063165","https://openalex.org/W2365799114","https://openalex.org/W2864363823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,176],"dropper":[1,43,81,104,123,145,192],"plays":[2],"a":[3,92,110,148],"critical":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,62,79,83,125],"the":[7,23,49,53],"overhead":[8],"contact":[9,24,66],"system":[10],"(OCS)":[11],"of":[12,95,112],"high-speed":[13,102,186],"railways,":[14],"ensuring":[15],"smooth":[16],"power":[17],"transmission":[18],"and":[19,25,37,45,99,117,133,143,154,166,173],"reducing":[20],"vibration":[21],"between":[22],"messenger":[26],"wires.":[27],"However,":[28],"adverse":[29],"factors,":[30],"such":[31,128],"as":[32,129],"temperature":[33],"variations,":[34],"inclement":[35],"weather,":[36],"high-frequency":[38],"vibrations":[39],"can":[40,59,138],"lead":[41],"to":[42],"loosening":[44],"detachment,":[46],"which":[47],"deteriorates":[48],"collecting":[50],"current":[51],"through":[52],"pantograph.":[54],"In":[55],"severe":[56],"cases,":[57],"it":[58,137],"even":[60],"result":[61],"pantograph":[63],"breakage":[64],"or":[65],"wire":[67],"damage,":[68],"ultimately":[69],"causing":[70],"train":[71],"malfunctions.":[72],"Unfortunately,":[73],"existing":[74],"detection":[75,106],"methods":[76],"fall":[77],"short":[78],"recognizing":[80],"defects":[82,124,146],"real-world":[84],"scenarios.":[85],"To":[86],"address":[87],"this":[88,119],"challenge,":[89],"we":[90],"propose":[91],"novel":[93],"cross-fusion":[94,111],"convolutional":[96,113],"neural":[97,114],"network":[98,115,120,162,178],"transformer":[100],"for":[101],"railway":[103],"defect":[105],"(C2T-HR3D)":[107],"network.":[108],"Leveraging":[109],"(CNN)":[116],"transformers,":[118],"accurately":[121,140],"recognizes":[122],"challenging":[126],"scenarios,":[127],"fog,":[130],"rain,":[131],"sun,":[132],"night-time":[134],"conditions.":[135],"Moreover,":[136],"also":[139],"identify":[141],"obscured":[142],"small":[144],"from":[147],"long":[149],"distance,":[150],"significantly":[151],"improving":[152],"recall":[153],"precision.":[155],"Extensive":[156],"experiments":[157],"have":[158],"demonstrated":[159],"that":[160],"our":[161],"outperforms":[163],"CNN-based,":[164],"transformer-based,":[165],"CNN-transformer":[167],"state-of-the-art":[168],"networks":[169],"by":[170],"3.4%,":[171],"1.8%,":[172],"2.1%,":[174],"respectively.":[175],"C2T-HR3D":[177],"has":[179],"been":[180],"successfully":[181],"deployed":[182],"on":[183],"over":[184],"300":[185],"trains,":[187],"detecting":[188],"more":[189],"than":[190],"10000":[191],"defects.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
