{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406322730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3529053","title":"Design of a Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based Sensor for Velocity-Displacement Detection of High-Speed Switches","display_name":"Design of a Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based Sensor for Velocity-Displacement Detection of High-Speed Switches","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406322730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3529053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3529053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3529053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101766037","display_name":"Jian Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0360-8196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768273","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment","ror":"https://ror.org/03kd9rr37","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391768273","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0360-8196","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476","https://openalex.org/I4391768273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100656323","display_name":"Hailong He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4022-635X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768273","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment","ror":"https://ror.org/03kd9rr37","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391768273","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hailong He","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4022-635X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476","https://openalex.org/I4391768273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101750114","display_name":"Chunping Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-9330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768273","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment","ror":"https://ror.org/03kd9rr37","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391768273","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunping Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-9330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476","https://openalex.org/I4391768273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lei Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8282-4649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768273","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment","ror":"https://ror.org/03kd9rr37","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391768273","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8282-4649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476","https://openalex.org/I4391768273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yushan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1415-2617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768273","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment","ror":"https://ror.org/03kd9rr37","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391768273","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yushan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1415-2617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476","https://openalex.org/I4391768273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015302130","display_name":"Yi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2338-0862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768273","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment","ror":"https://ror.org/03kd9rr37","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391768273","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2338-0862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476","https://openalex.org/I4391768273"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083369178","display_name":"Mingzhe Rong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-6298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768273","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment","ror":"https://ror.org/03kd9rr37","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391768273","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Rong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-6298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476","https://openalex.org/I4391768273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101766037"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391768273","https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2027,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75037622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10660","display_name":"Conducting polymers and applications","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11557","display_name":"Lubricants and Their Additives","score":0.9363999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triboelectric-effect","display_name":"Triboelectric effect","score":0.9392408132553101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanogenerator","display_name":"Nanogenerator","score":0.8406616449356079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/displacement","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","score":0.5598562359809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5030729174613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3908317983150482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3652483820915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.335539847612381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3229009509086609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.24971964955329895}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80640880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876377","display_name":"Triboelectric effect","level":2,"score":0.9392408132553101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175616097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6964048","display_name":"Nanogenerator","level":3,"score":0.8406616449356079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5598562359809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5030729174613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3908317983150482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3652483820915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.335539847612381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3229009509086609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.24971964955329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3529053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3529053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1136264768","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EIPE23305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327040","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3053668966","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EIPE23132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4118677249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EIPE23305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5923326244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2241260","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6229169503","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EIPE23132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327040","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6479467812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52177159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327040","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005944128","https://openalex.org/W2026734878","https://openalex.org/W2033146491","https://openalex.org/W2121761987","https://openalex.org/W2122424767","https://openalex.org/W2138850857","https://openalex.org/W2168100296","https://openalex.org/W2592977004","https://openalex.org/W2772996027","https://openalex.org/W2775027737","https://openalex.org/W2775714254","https://openalex.org/W2886602446","https://openalex.org/W2901162324","https://openalex.org/W3002820920","https://openalex.org/W3009921913","https://openalex.org/W3038424652","https://openalex.org/W3044440667","https://openalex.org/W3123684768","https://openalex.org/W3195566967","https://openalex.org/W3197839684","https://openalex.org/W4287888716","https://openalex.org/W4288062520","https://openalex.org/W4309491910","https://openalex.org/W4311088701","https://openalex.org/W4313197892","https://openalex.org/W4317490361","https://openalex.org/W4319986847","https://openalex.org/W4321098557","https://openalex.org/W4372325842","https://openalex.org/W4376871172","https://openalex.org/W4388106758","https://openalex.org/W4389692246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2920980201","https://openalex.org/W2883707713","https://openalex.org/W2969263289","https://openalex.org/W4385200018","https://openalex.org/W3198325434","https://openalex.org/W2892296510","https://openalex.org/W3162932911","https://openalex.org/W3189509522","https://openalex.org/W3145928903","https://openalex.org/W3198669577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electric":[0],"power":[1,16,195],"switches":[2,62,165],"play":[3],"a":[4,79,110,121,147],"crucial":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,179,194],"the":[8,15,23,34,37,50,54,57,68,103,126,133,140,159,188],"protection":[9],"and":[10,18,116,120,161,177,181,197,200],"electrical":[11],"energy":[12],"switching":[13],"of":[14,36,53,60,71,109,132,163,191],"transmission":[17,196],"distribution":[19,198],"systems.":[20],"Among":[21],"them,":[22],"operation":[24,168],"mechanism":[25],"based":[26,88],"on":[27,89,125],"electromagnetic,":[28],"or":[29],"spring":[30],"force":[31],"serves":[32],"as":[33],"core":[35],"switch":[38,87],"equipment.":[39],"Monitoring":[40],"its":[41,202],"mechanical":[42],"performance":[43,70],"is":[44,63,98,137],"an":[45],"essential":[46],"aspect":[47],"to":[48,66,102],"enhance":[49],"operational":[51],"capabilities":[52],"switches.":[55],"Furthermore,":[56],"opening":[58],"speed":[59],"high-speed":[61,86,148,164],"particularly":[64],"important":[65],"guarantee":[67],"breaking":[69],"circuit":[72],"breakers.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75,154],"article,":[76],"we":[77],"propose":[78],"novel":[80],"velocity-displacement":[81],"(VD)":[82],"sensing":[83],"method":[84],"for":[85],"sliding-mode":[90],"triboelectric":[91],"nanogenerators":[92],"(TENGs).":[93],"An":[94],"easy-to-integrate":[95],"VD":[96,135],"sensor":[97,107,136,155,193],"then":[99],"designed":[100,134],"according":[101],"simulation":[104],"results.":[105],"The":[106,130,150,170],"consists":[108],"fixed":[111],"part,":[112],"including":[113],"comb-shaped":[114],"electrodes":[115],"sliding":[117],"track,":[118],"etc.,":[119],"moving":[122,143],"part":[123],"integrated":[124],"insulating":[127],"pull":[128],"rod.":[129],"output":[131],"compared":[138],"with":[139],"switch\u2019s":[141],"actual":[142],"process":[144],"captured":[145],"by":[146],"camera.":[149],"results":[151],"show":[152],"that":[153],"can":[156],"effectively":[157],"monitor":[158],"displacement":[160,180],"velocity":[162,182],"under":[166],"various":[167],"conditions.":[169],"average":[171],"errors":[172],"are":[173],"less":[174],"than":[175],"3%":[176],"10%":[178],"sensing,":[183],"respectively.":[184],"This":[185],"work":[186],"explores":[187],"application":[189],"potential":[190],"TENG-based":[192],"systems":[199],"proves":[201],"feasibility.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}