{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406208464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3527611","title":"An Unsupervised Method for Detecting and Segmenting Shadow Areas of Sunken Targets in Sonar Images","display_name":"An Unsupervised Method for Detecting and Segmenting Shadow Areas of Sunken Targets in Sonar Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406208464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3527611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3527611","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3527611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010425724","display_name":"Jikun Si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3686-1542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jikun Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security(Harbin Engineering University), Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3686-1542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security(Harbin Engineering University), Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031687614","display_name":"Tian Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-9743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security(Harbin Engineering University), Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-9743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security(Harbin Engineering University), Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088159994","display_name":"Xiaoyang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6746-5801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security(Harbin Engineering University), Harbin, China","College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6746-5801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security(Harbin Engineering University), Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101939538","display_name":"Weidong Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6231-4484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149102","display_name":"Sanya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa2qd52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weidong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security(Harbin Engineering University), Harbin, China","National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Sanya Nanhai Innovation and Development Base of Harbin Engineering University, Sanya, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6231-4484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security(Harbin Engineering University), Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sanya Nanhai Innovation and Development Base of Harbin Engineering University, Sanya, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033557364","display_name":"Sen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5698-5249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157719","display_name":"Yancheng Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8njc86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5698-5249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.458,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96035212,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9650999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9650999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9272000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar","display_name":"Sonar","score":0.8042771816253662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.7600930333137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6934845447540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6753754019737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5721508860588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-sonar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture sonar","score":0.5565845966339111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.468619167804718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4207839071750641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3763265013694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.3647194504737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.33395150303840637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.07956704497337341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.8042771816253662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7600930333137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6934845447540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6753754019737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5721508860588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181255713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662740","display_name":"Synthetic aperture sonar","level":3,"score":0.5565845966339111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.468619167804718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4207839071750641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3763265013694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.3647194504737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.33395150303840637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07956704497337341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3527611","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3527611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1449357824","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42176188","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1810102124","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42306212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2041224344","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42176192","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8607689015","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2441254","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G976790268","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCKYS2024604SSJS00302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589895371","https://openalex.org/W1982010659","https://openalex.org/W2009267501","https://openalex.org/W2070813603","https://openalex.org/W2094077659","https://openalex.org/W2100778827","https://openalex.org/W2108859253","https://openalex.org/W2115242586","https://openalex.org/W2130094715","https://openalex.org/W2150134853","https://openalex.org/W2157840858","https://openalex.org/W2165012164","https://openalex.org/W2344446275","https://openalex.org/W2488622715","https://openalex.org/W2598492571","https://openalex.org/W2620660154","https://openalex.org/W2785177491","https://openalex.org/W2902153052","https://openalex.org/W2906420798","https://openalex.org/W2907352405","https://openalex.org/W2940752827","https://openalex.org/W2943420568","https://openalex.org/W2966271978","https://openalex.org/W2990802799","https://openalex.org/W3008699835","https://openalex.org/W3016931297","https://openalex.org/W3032958672","https://openalex.org/W3033361357","https://openalex.org/W3036790830","https://openalex.org/W3047190427","https://openalex.org/W3047918426","https://openalex.org/W3136937830","https://openalex.org/W3202938143","https://openalex.org/W3215917627","https://openalex.org/W4206738973","https://openalex.org/W4210810006","https://openalex.org/W4220856824","https://openalex.org/W4224330402","https://openalex.org/W4281558861","https://openalex.org/W4312772292","https://openalex.org/W4321380823","https://openalex.org/W4321770571","https://openalex.org/W4360864225","https://openalex.org/W4362451365","https://openalex.org/W4380303539","https://openalex.org/W4391942229","https://openalex.org/W4394807950","https://openalex.org/W4400448676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2610363864","https://openalex.org/W2159784633","https://openalex.org/W2143131560","https://openalex.org/W2544250077","https://openalex.org/W3093449225","https://openalex.org/W1987798457","https://openalex.org/W3022543425","https://openalex.org/W3197313368","https://openalex.org/W1974561532","https://openalex.org/W2086617181"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"address":[1],"the":[2,10,46,49,53,74,83,86,94,107,110,121,142],"issue":[3],"of":[4,85,97,109,131],"blurred":[5],"underwater":[6,167,177],"target":[7,13,70,160,178],"features":[8,163],"and":[9,20,58,68,134,149,156,180],"challenges":[11],"in":[12,24,52,165],"detection":[14,31,179],"caused":[15],"by":[16,55],"significant":[17],"speckle":[18,66],"noise":[19,22,50,67,147],"severe":[21],"interference":[23,51],"sonar":[25,34,184],"images,":[26,35],"a":[27,60,113,129],"novel":[28,173],"shadow":[29,161],"area":[30,162],"method":[32,47],"for":[33,176],"termed":[36],"Sparse":[37],"Kullback-Leibler":[38],"Divergence":[39],"Fuzzy":[40],"C-Means":[41],"(SKLFCM),":[42],"is":[43,79,117],"proposed.":[44],"Firstly,":[45],"reduces":[48],"image":[54],"morphological":[56],"reconstruction":[57],"constructs":[59],"residual":[61],"denoising":[62],"structure":[63],"to":[64,81,90,93,105,119],"reduce":[65],"preserve":[69],"information":[71],"simultaneously.":[72],"Then,":[73],"Kullback-Leibler(KL)":[75],"divergence":[76],"regularization":[77],"term":[78],"used":[80],"constrain":[82],"intensity":[84,96],"current":[87],"pixel":[88],"value":[89],"be":[91],"close":[92],"average":[95],"its":[98,102],"neighboring":[99],"pixels,":[100],"ensuring":[101,125],"similarity.":[103],"Finally,":[104],"accelerate":[106],"convergence":[108,122],"objective":[111],"function,":[112],"sparse":[114],"membership":[115],"function":[116],"introduced":[118],"increase":[120],"speed":[123],"while":[124],"segmentation":[126],"accuracy.":[127],"Through":[128],"series":[130],"simulation":[132],"tests":[133],"experimental":[135],"analyses,":[136],"it":[137],"has":[138],"been":[139],"verified":[140],"that":[141],"proposed":[143],"algorithm":[144],"exhibits":[145],"robust":[146],"reduction":[148],"anti-noise":[150],"capabilities,":[151],"achieves":[152],"higher":[153],"clustering":[154],"accuracy,":[155],"effectively":[157],"extracts":[158],"comprehensive":[159],"even":[164],"complex":[166],"reverberation":[168],"environments.":[169],"These":[170],"findings":[171],"offer":[172],"technical":[174],"support":[175],"recognition":[181],"based":[182],"on":[183],"imaging.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}