{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405785347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3522619","title":"A 64\u00d764 Gated-SPAD Image Sensor With 2-D and 3-D Imaging Using a Time-Domain Sampling Histogram","display_name":"A 64\u00d764 Gated-SPAD Image Sensor With 2-D and 3-D Imaging Using a Time-Domain Sampling Histogram","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405785347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3522619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3522619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3522619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hao Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6474-1586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","School of Integrated Circuits, Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6474-1586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407397","display_name":"Dong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0368-3017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","School of Integrated Circuits, Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0368-3017","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101551876","display_name":"Rui Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5015-4989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","School of Integrated Circuits, Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5015-4989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039575274","display_name":"Zhangming Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-1928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangming Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","School of Integrated Circuits, Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-1928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6222,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64364723,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.707613468170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.5829587578773499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5353349447250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5181683301925659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.4904303252696991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4542974531650543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43933621048927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.33782151341438293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3275643289089203}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.707613468170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.5829587578773499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5353349447250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5181683301925659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4904303252696991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4542974531650543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43933621048927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33782151341438293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3275643289089203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3522619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3522619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1799747505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJSJ24055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2046407458","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0114403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5562180857","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62204181","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6608489314","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JC-JCQN-65","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8433157646","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62134005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2790755095","https://openalex.org/W2900844588","https://openalex.org/W2912309949","https://openalex.org/W2968479846","https://openalex.org/W2985623795","https://openalex.org/W2999746269","https://openalex.org/W3004348309","https://openalex.org/W3119109959","https://openalex.org/W3120192381","https://openalex.org/W3155170224","https://openalex.org/W3157618388","https://openalex.org/W3177298039","https://openalex.org/W3208773341","https://openalex.org/W4212777504","https://openalex.org/W4214819088","https://openalex.org/W4214940976","https://openalex.org/W4220778802","https://openalex.org/W4226032705","https://openalex.org/W4226052559","https://openalex.org/W4285200012","https://openalex.org/W4285298655","https://openalex.org/W4312415958","https://openalex.org/W4386090284","https://openalex.org/W4389297178","https://openalex.org/W4390285230","https://openalex.org/W4391020416","https://openalex.org/W4392251726","https://openalex.org/W4392745949"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W2107628111","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W2944239605","https://openalex.org/W1873415836","https://openalex.org/W4200290804","https://openalex.org/W2139783875","https://openalex.org/W4312469487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"proof-of-concept":[1],"prototype":[2],"is":[3,93,232,241],"presented,":[4],"which":[5,103],"can":[6,104,163,190],"be":[7],"used":[8,94],"for":[9],"2-D":[10,112,136,187,201,247],"and":[11,19,37,51,81,85,114,145,175,193,213,221],"3-D":[12],"imaging":[13,137,188,202],"with":[14,65,78,151,199],"a":[15,23,32,52,66,159],"resolution":[16,67,80],"of$64\\times":[17,68],"64$,":[18],"it":[20],"consists":[21,59],"of":[22,100,111,119,168,172,181],"110-nm":[24],"complementary":[25],"metal":[26],"oxide":[27],"semiconductor":[28],"(CMOS)":[29],"sensor":[30,57,121],"chip,":[31],"gated":[33,89],"high-voltage":[34,90],"driver":[35,54,91],"circuit,":[36],"an":[38],"additional":[39],"field-programmable":[40],"gate":[41],"array":[42,64],"(FPGA)":[43],"to":[44,95,234,243],"perform":[45],"the":[46,97,101,116,120,126,134,139,146,166,173,177,195,229,237],"digital":[47],"signal":[48],"processing":[49],"(DSP),":[50],"laser":[53],"circuit.":[55],"The":[56,88,123,184,204],"chip":[58],"single-photon":[60],"avalanche":[61],"diode":[62],"(SPAD)":[63],"8$,":[69],"512":[70],"passive":[71],"quenching":[72],"circuits,":[73],"64":[74,217],"time-to-digital":[75],"converter":[76],"(TDC)":[77],"160-ps":[79],"80-ns":[82],"dynamic":[83,117],"range,":[84],"readout":[86],"circuits.":[87],"circuit":[92],"control":[96],"working":[98],"time":[99],"SPAD,":[102],"improve":[105,176,191],"background":[106,230],"noise":[107],"suppression":[108],"capability,":[109],"linearity":[110,192],"imaging,":[113,248],"extend":[115],"range":[118],"chip.":[122],"DSP":[124],"contains":[125],"partial":[127,153,155],"histograms":[128,156],"based":[129,157],"on":[130,158],"time-domain":[131,160],"sampling":[132,161],"algorithm,":[133,138],"histogram-based":[135,186],"backpropagation":[140],"(BP)":[141],"neural":[142],"network":[143],"filter,":[144],"nonlinear":[147],"fitting":[148],"algorithm.":[149],"Compared":[150],"traditional":[152,200],"histograms,":[154],"algorithm":[162,189],"further":[164],"reduce":[165,194],"utilization":[167],"logical":[169],"unit":[170],"resources":[171],"histogram":[174],"signal-to-noise":[178],"ratio":[179],"(SNR)":[180],"coarse":[182],"histograms.":[183],"proposed":[185],"in-pixel":[196],"counter":[197],"compared":[198],"technology.":[203],"extensive":[205],"experiments":[206],"show":[207],"that":[208],"measurement":[209,211,239],"distance,":[210],"accuracy,":[212],"frame":[214],"rate":[215],"are":[216],"m,":[218],"20":[219],"cm,":[220],"10":[222],"Hz":[223],"at":[224],"2":[225],"klux,":[226,236],"respectively.":[227],"When":[228],"light":[231],"increased":[233],"100":[235],"effective":[238],"distance":[240],"reduced":[242],"8":[244],"m.":[245],"In":[246],"SPAD":[249],"receives":[250],"more":[251],"than$2\\times":[252],"10^{6}$photons/s":[253],"without":[254],"distortion.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}