{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405304505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3509604","title":"A Deep Learning Technique for Real-Time Detection of Cognitive Load Using Optimal Number of EEG Electrodes","display_name":"A Deep Learning Technique for Real-Time Detection of Cognitive Load Using Optimal Number of EEG Electrodes","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405304505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3509604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3509604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3509604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058582443","display_name":"Subashis Karmakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2710-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155837530","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Durgapur","ror":"https://ror.org/04ds0jm32","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subashis Karmakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2710-9327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066605685","display_name":"Supreeti Kamilya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4642-3108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115715567","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra","ror":"https://ror.org/028vtqb15","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Supreeti Kamilya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4642-3108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054425386","display_name":"Chiranjib Koley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0013-7659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155837530","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Durgapur","ror":"https://ror.org/04ds0jm32","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiranjib Koley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India","Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0013-7659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039040767","display_name":"Tandra Pal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7494-9516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155837530","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Durgapur","ror":"https://ror.org/04ds0jm32","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tandra Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7494-9516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8156,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85434242,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.7957000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.7957000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7948036789894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5658198595046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5428414940834045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.4645651876926422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4254247844219208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.41335922479629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4001588523387909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38706886768341064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.17904892563819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14028644561767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09274983406066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.08356139063835144}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7948036789894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5658198595046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5428414940834045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.4645651876926422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4254247844219208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.41335922479629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4001588523387909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38706886768341064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.17904892563819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14028644561767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09274983406066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.08356139063835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3509604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3509604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5023084562","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4(16/2019-ITEA)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325255","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Electronics and Information technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7626508086","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4(16/2019-ITEA","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325255","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Electronics and Information technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325255","display_name":"Ministry of Electronics and Information technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1915310969","https://openalex.org/W2041329603","https://openalex.org/W2064186449","https://openalex.org/W2098330912","https://openalex.org/W2130736456","https://openalex.org/W2135595031","https://openalex.org/W2150665176","https://openalex.org/W2552578398","https://openalex.org/W2753511910","https://openalex.org/W2767570706","https://openalex.org/W2774049169","https://openalex.org/W2910134385","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2969828800","https://openalex.org/W2987046939","https://openalex.org/W3014686822","https://openalex.org/W3116201721","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3175508462","https://openalex.org/W4210565843","https://openalex.org/W4287378667","https://openalex.org/W4294891666","https://openalex.org/W4306698380","https://openalex.org/W4312868038","https://openalex.org/W4313143827","https://openalex.org/W4313291255","https://openalex.org/W4382310389","https://openalex.org/W4387042401","https://openalex.org/W4392114200","https://openalex.org/W4392405637","https://openalex.org/W6602002561","https://openalex.org/W6682644385","https://openalex.org/W6685893538","https://openalex.org/W6744420289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2922348724","https://openalex.org/W200322357","https://openalex.org/W2130428257","https://openalex.org/W4308951944","https://openalex.org/W2057366091","https://openalex.org/W4312960290","https://openalex.org/W2049513647","https://openalex.org/W2988848585","https://openalex.org/W4233722919","https://openalex.org/W4375867731"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cognitive":[0],"load":[1,32],"analysis":[2],"has":[3],"the":[4,18,50,64,88,97,135,146,187],"potential":[5],"to":[6,107,126,191],"significantly":[7],"enhance":[8],"brain\u2013computer":[9],"interfaces":[10],"(BCIs)":[11],"by":[12,118,145],"enabling":[13],"adaptive":[14],"assistance":[15],"based":[16],"on":[17,40],"cognitive":[19,31,77,129],"state":[20,94],"of":[21,54,83,165],"individuals.":[22],"This":[23],"article":[24],"presents":[25],"a":[26,38,91,119],"real-time":[27,208],"approach":[28],"for":[29,75,167,173,194],"detecting":[30],"through":[33,148],"electroencephalogram":[34],"(EEG)":[35],"signals,":[36],"with":[37,199],"focus":[39],"optimizing":[41],"computational":[42,201],"resources,":[43,202],"such":[44],"as":[45],"CPU":[46],"time,":[47],"memory,":[48],"and":[49,52,69,102,130,154,171,183,206],"number":[51],"positioning":[53],"EEG":[55,84,139],"electrodes.":[56],"The":[57,159],"study":[58],"investigates":[59],"various":[60],"brain":[61,93,110],"regions,":[62],"including":[63],"prefrontal,":[65],"frontal,":[66],"parietal,":[67],"temporal,":[68],"occipital":[70],"areas,":[71],"which":[72],"are":[73,115],"critical":[74],"identifying":[76],"shifts.":[78],"By":[79],"leveraging":[80],"established":[81],"knowledge":[82],"frequency":[85],"band":[86],"changes,":[87],"research":[89],"constructs":[90],"2-D":[92,113],"image":[95],"using":[96],"Lambert":[98],"cylindrical":[99],"equal-area":[100],"projection":[101],"an":[103,162],"appropriate":[104],"interpolation":[105],"method":[106],"represent":[108],"active":[109],"regions.":[111],"These":[112],"images":[114],"then":[116],"processed":[117],"lightweight":[120],"convolutional":[121],"neural":[122],"network":[123],"(CNN)":[124],"designed":[125],"distinguish":[127],"between":[128],"resting":[131],"states.":[132],"To":[133],"validate":[134],"proposed":[136],"model,":[137],"three":[138],"datasets":[140],"were":[141],"employed:":[142],"one":[143],"prepared":[144],"authors":[147],"experiments":[149],"involving":[150],"15":[151],"healthy":[152],"subjects":[153,170],"two":[155],"publicly":[156],"available":[157],"datasets.":[158],"model":[160,188],"achieved":[161],"overall":[163],"accuracy":[164],"95.81%":[166],"previously":[168],"seen":[169],"92.73%":[172],"entirely":[174],"new":[175],"subjects,":[176],"utilizing":[177],"only":[178],"five":[179],"electrodes":[180],"(one":[181],"prefrontal":[182],"four":[184],"frontal).":[185],"Furthermore,":[186],"is":[189],"demonstrated":[190],"be":[192],"suitable":[193],"implementation":[195],"in":[196],"digital":[197],"systems":[198],"limited":[200],"while":[203],"maintaining":[204],"performance":[205],"meeting":[207],"system":[209],"requirements.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}