{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404565322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3502781","title":"Attention-Enhanced AGRU Framework for Induction Motor Incipient Fault Diagnosis in Electric Vehicles","display_name":"Attention-Enhanced AGRU Framework for Induction Motor Incipient Fault Diagnosis in Electric Vehicles","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404565322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3502781"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3502781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3502781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033792995","display_name":"Mohammad AlShaikh Saleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0971-075X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad AlShaikh Saleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0971-075X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014049864","display_name":"Ali Ghrayeb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Ghrayeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6808-5886","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031046256","display_name":"Shady S. Refaat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9392-6141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shady S. Refaat","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K","School of Physics, Engineering, and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9392-6141","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Engineering, and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010833171","display_name":"Haitham Abu\u2010Rub","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8687-3942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitham Abu-Rub","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8687-3942","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021685706","display_name":"Sunil P. Khatri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunil P. Khatri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7134-9929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015173715","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Kammermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9400-5950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Kammermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9400-5950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033792995"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1226,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87817148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13891","display_name":"Engineering Diagnostics and Reliability","score":0.9286999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/induction-motor","display_name":"Induction motor","score":0.7457209229469299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.549875020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-motor","display_name":"Electric motor","score":0.5055842399597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.45153361558914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4113196134567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.38309842348098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.357389897108078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.34579014778137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3087024688720703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.29367443919181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.1003633439540863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09321430325508118}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80962145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207450","display_name":"Induction motor","level":3,"score":0.7457209229469299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.549875020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176871988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72313","display_name":"Electric motor","level":2,"score":0.5055842399597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.45153361558914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4113196134567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.38309842348098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.357389897108078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.34579014778137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3087024688720703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.29367443919181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.1003633439540863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09321430325508118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3502781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3502781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1764468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1764468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3132582639","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13S-0116-200085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310164","display_name":"Texas A and M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/01svaqq28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1918216915","https://openalex.org/W2005184932","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2072857564","https://openalex.org/W2095901574","https://openalex.org/W2100564287","https://openalex.org/W2107074288","https://openalex.org/W2146831891","https://openalex.org/W2317595875","https://openalex.org/W2533924129","https://openalex.org/W2560181314","https://openalex.org/W2767234670","https://openalex.org/W2769634371","https://openalex.org/W2791973390","https://openalex.org/W2795411881","https://openalex.org/W2887511588","https://openalex.org/W2887782657","https://openalex.org/W2888054034","https://openalex.org/W2908628397","https://openalex.org/W2912859364","https://openalex.org/W2953775935","https://openalex.org/W2956927451","https://openalex.org/W2961350108","https://openalex.org/W2978157082","https://openalex.org/W3002612285","https://openalex.org/W3022800781","https://openalex.org/W3033556475","https://openalex.org/W3034195175","https://openalex.org/W3038113831","https://openalex.org/W3112207152","https://openalex.org/W3138962322","https://openalex.org/W3157065701","https://openalex.org/W3175205059","https://openalex.org/W3203931613","https://openalex.org/W3205893516","https://openalex.org/W3215145458","https://openalex.org/W4230523054","https://openalex.org/W4285065952","https://openalex.org/W4285135129","https://openalex.org/W4285291864","https://openalex.org/W4296916343","https://openalex.org/W4307810607","https://openalex.org/W4315630545","https://openalex.org/W4319302873","https://openalex.org/W4324098201","https://openalex.org/W4383536003","https://openalex.org/W4390576623","https://openalex.org/W4398775233"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1644808516","https://openalex.org/W2951960179","https://openalex.org/W2004189302","https://openalex.org/W2374401487","https://openalex.org/W2353382192","https://openalex.org/W2131593645","https://openalex.org/W2488088652","https://openalex.org/W2546624568","https://openalex.org/W2539754741","https://openalex.org/W3006307384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electric":[0],"vehicles":[1],"(EVs)":[2],"are":[3,107,114,159],"playing":[4],"a":[5,84,123,182],"pivotal":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,62,101,185,192,221],"transportation":[9],"systems":[10],"to":[11,13,27,70,152,166,200,217],"conform":[12],"the":[14,29,33,94,121,154,163,171,178],"rising":[15],"exigencies":[16],"for":[17,53,67],"enhanced":[18],"performance":[19],"with":[20,120],"safety":[21],"and":[22,31,47,74,96,116,147,169,188,203],"hindered":[23],"environmental":[24],"impact.":[25],"Thus,":[26],"improve":[28],"efficiency":[30,97],"downsize":[32],"maintenance":[34],"cost":[35],"of":[36,56,98],"EVs,":[37,63],"an":[38,189],"early":[39],"fault":[40,99,172,186,196],"diagnosis":[41],"(FD)":[42],"framework":[43],"is":[44,127],"crucial.":[45],"Bearing":[46],"stator":[48,132],"winding":[49],"faults,":[50],"which":[51,113,158],"account":[52],"approximately":[54],"78%":[55],"induction":[57],"machine":[58],"(IM)":[59],"incipient":[60,76],"faults":[61,106],"remain":[64],"rather":[65],"elusive":[66],"conventional":[68],"sensors":[69],"accurately":[71],"classify":[72,170],"them":[73],"their":[75],"values.":[77],"To":[78],"this":[79,81],"end,":[80],"article":[82],"presents":[83],"novel":[85],"attention-enhanced":[86],"autoencoder-gated":[87],"recurrent":[88],"unit":[89],"(AAGRU)":[90],"model":[91,137,165,180,209],"that":[92,177],"improves":[93],"accuracy":[95],"analysis":[100],"IMs.":[102],"Moreover,":[103],"since":[104],"bearing":[105],"usually":[108],"captured":[109],"through":[110],"vibration":[111],"sensors,":[112],"expensive":[115],"require":[117],"direct":[118],"coupling":[119],"IM,":[122],"hybrid":[124],"signal":[125],"reconstructor":[126],"devised":[128],"based":[129],"on":[130,213],"merely":[131],"current":[133,156],"signals.":[134],"The":[135,207],"proposed":[136,179,208],"leverages":[138],"empirical":[139],"mode":[140],"decomposition":[141,150],"(EMD),":[142],"fast":[143],"Fourier":[144],"transform":[145],"(FFT),":[146],"discrete":[148],"wavelet":[149],"(DWT)":[151],"process":[153],"electric":[155],"data,":[157],"then":[160],"used":[161],"by":[162],"AAGRU":[164],"identify,":[167],"detect,":[168],"patterns.":[173],"Experimental":[174],"results":[175],"demonstrate":[176],"offers":[181],"1%\u20136%":[183],"improvement":[184,191],"detection":[187],"8%\u201328%":[190],"interturn":[193],"short-circuit":[194],"(SC)":[195],"severity":[197],"classification":[198],"relative":[199],"different":[201,214],"shallow":[202],"deep-based":[204],"benchmark":[205],"models.":[206],"was":[210],"also":[211],"tested":[212],"load":[215],"conditions":[216],"ensure":[218],"its":[219],"applicability":[220],"practice.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-18T08:16:58.900851","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
