{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403674885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3485431","title":"Modeling and Characterization of LiDAR Echo-Waveforms in Fog With Experiment Validations","display_name":"Modeling and Characterization of LiDAR Echo-Waveforms in Fog With Experiment Validations","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403674885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3485431"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3485431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3485431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032432252","display_name":"Ruiqin Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1029-7226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruiqin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering and the Shen Yuan Honors College, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1029-7226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering and the Shen Yuan Honors College, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382142","display_name":"Xiaolu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2550-5676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2550-5676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055305665","display_name":"Tengfei Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6466-1065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tengfei Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6466-1065","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101917790","display_name":"Tao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5773-3761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5773-3761","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064414778","display_name":"Liu Zongyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3033-3252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3033-3252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017937905","display_name":"Lan-Da Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2972-8986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127216","display_name":"Ministry of Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/031wq1t38","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139553","display_name":"Research Institute of Highway","ror":"https://ror.org/0335kqk33","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127216","https://openalex.org/I4210139553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Landa Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Highway and the Key Laboratory of Technology on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Ministry of Transport, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2972-8986","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Highway and the Key Laboratory of Technology on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Ministry of Transport, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127216","https://openalex.org/I4210139553"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043551995","display_name":"Lijun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0488-9604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0488-9604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032432252"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4006,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62201576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9491999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9491999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7989586591720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.6784336566925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5837371349334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.5449451804161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.4359052777290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3874983787536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3742715120315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.34366607666015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.28941819071769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.26199716329574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22027936577796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.19502407312393188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14829936623573303}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7989586591720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.6784336566925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5837371349334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.5449451804161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.4359052777290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3874983787536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3742715120315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.34366607666015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.28941819071769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26199716329574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22027936577796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.19502407312393188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14829936623573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3485431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3485431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3433871640","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1825980438","https://openalex.org/W2012864751","https://openalex.org/W2021264131","https://openalex.org/W2049287544","https://openalex.org/W2051675011","https://openalex.org/W2065515007","https://openalex.org/W2094605604","https://openalex.org/W2564355234","https://openalex.org/W2604080360","https://openalex.org/W2768919086","https://openalex.org/W2805297939","https://openalex.org/W2955181123","https://openalex.org/W2996457255","https://openalex.org/W3081041207","https://openalex.org/W3102377343","https://openalex.org/W3121411030","https://openalex.org/W3163404087","https://openalex.org/W3163982590","https://openalex.org/W3194454138","https://openalex.org/W4206605621","https://openalex.org/W4225129781","https://openalex.org/W4291124834","https://openalex.org/W4315488125","https://openalex.org/W4317932938","https://openalex.org/W4366680146","https://openalex.org/W4385781782","https://openalex.org/W4391827342"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692","https://openalex.org/W4221065211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Light":[0],"detection":[1],"and":[2,45,64,78,100,114,132,153],"ranging":[3],"(LiDAR)":[4],"generates":[5],"undesirable":[6],"clutter":[7,18,135],"signals":[8],"in":[9,85],"fog,":[10],"impeding":[11],"target":[12,46,148],"recognition":[13],"ability.":[14],"To":[15],"identify":[16],"fog":[17,88,112,134],"waveforms,":[19],"a":[20,86],"comprehensive":[21],"LiDAR":[22],"echo":[23,94],"waveform":[24],"generation":[25],"model":[26,76,99,131,152],"is":[27],"established":[28],"based":[29],"on":[30],"the":[31,58,125,129,146,164],"mechanism":[32],"of":[33,39,60,167],"photon":[34,50,70],"random":[35,52,62],"movement,":[36],"involving":[37],"factors":[38],"environmental":[40],"particle":[41],"state,":[42],"systematic":[43],"parameters,":[44],"characteristics.":[47],"The":[48,90,150],"emitted-and-returned":[49],"bundle\u2019s":[51],"motions":[53],"are":[54,67,83],"innovatively":[55],"described":[56],"as":[57],"superposition":[59],"multiple":[61],"scattering,":[63],"analytical":[65],"formulations":[66],"deduced":[68],"for":[69,111,122],"bundle":[71],"reception":[72],"probability,":[73],"guaranteeing":[74],"both":[75],"accuracy":[77],"computational":[79],"efficiency.":[80],"Validation":[81],"experiments":[82],"conducted":[84],"large-scale":[87],"chamber.":[89],"R-squared":[91],"values":[92],"between":[93],"waveforms":[95,136],"estimated":[96],"from":[97,145],"our":[98],"measured":[101],"data":[102],"achieve":[103],"<inline-formula":[104,115],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[105,116],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[106,117],"<tex-math":[107,118],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.8307\\sim":[108],"0.9754$":[109],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[110,121],"clutter,":[113],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.9522\\sim":[119],"0.9778$":[120],"target,":[123],"outperforming":[124],"contrasting":[126],"models.":[127],"In":[128],"simulation":[130],"measurement,":[133],"exhibit":[137],"right-skewed":[138],"asymmetric":[139],"patterns,":[140],"enabling":[141],"their":[142],"easy":[143],"differentiation":[144],"Gaussian-distributed":[147],"echoes.":[149],"presented":[151],"results":[154],"can":[155],"be":[156],"expanded":[157],"to":[158],"analyze":[159],"various":[160],"atmospheric":[161],"conditions,":[162],"broadening":[163],"application":[165],"scenarios":[166],"LiDAR.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2024-10-24T00:00:00"}
