{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403390850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3480230","title":"Source-Free Domain Adaptation With Self-Supervised Learning for Nonintrusive Load Monitoring","display_name":"Source-Free Domain Adaptation With Self-Supervised Learning for Nonintrusive Load Monitoring","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403390850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3480230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3480230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3480230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114124771","display_name":"Feichi Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0192-7830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feichi Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Information Fusion and Intelligent Control, the School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0192-7830","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Information Fusion and Intelligent Control, the School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036909403","display_name":"Zihan Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7085-0209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Information Fusion and Intelligent Control, the School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7085-0209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Information Fusion and Intelligent Control, the School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052715017","display_name":"Gangquan Si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5153-836X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gangquan Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Information Fusion and Intelligent Control, the School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5153-836X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Information Fusion and Intelligent Control, the School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067467814","display_name":"Aoming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2990-9671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aoming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2990-9671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100317338","display_name":"G. Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8564-5213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerui Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Information Fusion and Intelligent Control, the School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8564-5213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Information Fusion and Intelligent Control, the School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111930131","display_name":"Bo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0846-2871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Information Fusion and Intelligent Control, the School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0846-2871","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Information Fusion and Intelligent Control, the School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6671,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86546475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14011","display_name":"Elevator Systems and Control","score":0.9639999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-adaptation","display_name":"Domain adaptation","score":0.635798990726471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6130936145782471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5410057902336121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3386305570602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32782840728759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10747319459915161}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776434776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19246213","display_name":"Domain adaptation","level":3,"score":0.635798990726471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6130936145782471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5410057902336121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3386305570602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32782840728759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10747319459915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3480230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3480230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168840469","https://openalex.org/W1479651931","https://openalex.org/W1994042232","https://openalex.org/W1994682479","https://openalex.org/W1996944908","https://openalex.org/W2002623096","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2292311507","https://openalex.org/W2312004824","https://openalex.org/W2342994264","https://openalex.org/W2559280146","https://openalex.org/W2566212894","https://openalex.org/W2910525828","https://openalex.org/W2944418320","https://openalex.org/W2963808366","https://openalex.org/W2971067036","https://openalex.org/W2984698916","https://openalex.org/W3008901316","https://openalex.org/W3034324233","https://openalex.org/W3035701489","https://openalex.org/W3095472304","https://openalex.org/W3099873379","https://openalex.org/W3102977103","https://openalex.org/W3114746859","https://openalex.org/W3119543788","https://openalex.org/W3166736677","https://openalex.org/W3171336461","https://openalex.org/W3181227279","https://openalex.org/W3198430326","https://openalex.org/W3199873924","https://openalex.org/W3203098462","https://openalex.org/W3203788068","https://openalex.org/W3208170505","https://openalex.org/W4281773745","https://openalex.org/W4283795458","https://openalex.org/W4312258136","https://openalex.org/W4312365002","https://openalex.org/W4312897837","https://openalex.org/W4319874299","https://openalex.org/W4321472162","https://openalex.org/W4321488291","https://openalex.org/W6687400500","https://openalex.org/W6780178746","https://openalex.org/W6788125050","https://openalex.org/W6796263041","https://openalex.org/W6804111167","https://openalex.org/W6842760672","https://openalex.org/W6850364612"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4394775207","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nonintrusive":[0],"load":[1,47,74],"monitoring":[2],"(NILM)":[3],"benefits":[4],"the":[5,52,71,99,127,137,149,157,193,209,213,218],"planning":[6],"of":[7,54,73,104,124,129,152,212],"energy":[8,32],"consumption":[9,33],"and":[10,22,28,38,67,132,140,155,166,188,195],"time-of-use":[11],"pricing":[12],"through":[13],"disaggregating":[14],"appliance-level":[15],"electrical":[16],"information.":[17],"However,":[18],"its":[19],"widespread":[20],"adoption":[21],"rapid":[23],"application":[24],"face":[25],"significant":[26],"restrictions":[27],"challenges.":[29],"Variations":[30],"in":[31,42,46,186,190],"backgrounds,":[34],"like":[35],"user":[36,65],"habits":[37],"appliance":[39],"brands,":[40],"result":[41],"substantial":[43],"distribution":[44],"disparities":[45],"data,":[48,206],"which":[49,207],"significantly":[50],"deteriorate":[51],"performance":[53,101],"trained":[55],"models":[56,202],"when":[57,76],"applied":[58],"to":[59,97,120,147,199,216],"new":[60],"scenarios.":[61],"Moreover,":[62],"concerns":[63],"regarding":[64],"privacy":[66],"costs":[68],"further":[69],"impede":[70],"collection":[72],"data":[75,107,221],"transfer":[77],"training":[78,205],"for":[79,95],"adaptability":[80],"is":[81],"necessary.":[82],"To":[83],"address":[84],"these":[85],"issues,":[86],"we":[87],"propose":[88],"a":[89,111,116,167],"source-free":[90],"domain":[91],"adaptation":[92,169],"(SFDA)":[93],"method":[94,180,215],"NILM":[96],"enhance":[98,217],"generalization":[100,219],"under":[102],"conditions":[103],"severely":[105],"limited":[106],"acquisition.":[108],"We":[109],"design":[110],"self-supervised":[112],"subnetwork":[113],"based":[114],"on":[115,161,173],"sequence":[117],"masking-restoration":[118],"task":[119],"learn":[121],"domain-invariant":[122],"features":[123],"appliances":[125],"without":[126],"utilization":[128],"source-domain":[130],"dataset":[131],"target-domain":[133],"label":[134],"data.":[135],"Furthermore,":[136],"entropy":[138],"minimization":[139],"representation":[141],"subspace":[142],"distance":[143],"(RSD)":[144],"are":[145,171],"introduced":[146],"align":[148],"feature":[150,158],"spaces":[151],"different":[153],"domains":[154],"mitigate":[156],"scaling":[159],"effect":[160],"model":[162],"performance.":[163],"The":[164,178],"cross-house":[165],"cross-dataset":[168],"experiment":[170],"conducted":[172],"four":[174],"publicly":[175],"available":[176],"datasets.":[177],"proposed":[179,214],"achieves":[181],"an":[182],"average":[183],"6.6%":[184],"improvement":[185],"MAE":[187],"7.1%":[189],"F1-score":[191],"over":[192],"baseline":[194],"performs":[196],"well":[197],"compared":[198],"other":[200],"state-of-the-art":[201],"using":[203],"additional":[204],"proves":[208],"great":[210],"potential":[211],"with":[220],"restrictions.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}