{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403211031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3470208","title":"Maritime Ship Joint Detection and Localization Using GNSS-Based Passive Multistatic Radar","display_name":"Maritime Ship Joint Detection and Localization Using GNSS-Based Passive Multistatic Radar","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403211031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3470208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3470208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3470208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100740563","display_name":"Zhenyu He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9929-6195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","college of information science and engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9929-6195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"college of information science and engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101489483","display_name":"Yang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3128-3838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","department of land surveying and geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3128-3838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"department of land surveying and geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329153","display_name":"Wu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1787-5191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","department of land surveying and geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1787-5191","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"department of land surveying and geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031865097","display_name":"Ning Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-7105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","college of information science and engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-7105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"college of information science and engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100563602","display_name":"Yajuan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6784-0782"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yajuan Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Research Institute, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6784-0782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Research Institute, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.6459,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97936829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9301000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6985839605331421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6004059910774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.5931522846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.5379074215888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multistatic-radar","display_name":"Multistatic radar","score":0.531308650970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-radar","display_name":"Passive radar","score":0.5028857588768005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.47934943437576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46425917744636536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.43707531690597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-lock-on","display_name":"Radar lock-on","score":0.4345742464065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-radar","display_name":"3D radar","score":0.4296824634075165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.3217696249485016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.3081762194633484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.29604536294937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26159942150115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2594538927078247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6985839605331421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6004059910774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.5931522846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.5379074215888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777585438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935105","display_name":"Multistatic radar","level":5,"score":0.531308650970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151120012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2143008","display_name":"Passive radar","level":5,"score":0.5028857588768005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.47934943437576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46425917744636536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.43707531690597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185565061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878284","display_name":"Radar lock-on","level":5,"score":0.4345742464065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81076408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229387","display_name":"3D radar","level":5,"score":0.4296824634075165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3217696249485016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.3081762194633484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29604536294937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26159942150115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2594538927078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3470208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3470208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2438582216","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271190","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985910853","https://openalex.org/W2023968634","https://openalex.org/W2099687038","https://openalex.org/W2101211288","https://openalex.org/W2119644817","https://openalex.org/W2147016563","https://openalex.org/W2271958842","https://openalex.org/W2414844821","https://openalex.org/W2549704999","https://openalex.org/W2744279274","https://openalex.org/W2747458887","https://openalex.org/W2790235730","https://openalex.org/W2803710860","https://openalex.org/W2928094555","https://openalex.org/W2955664491","https://openalex.org/W2967787391","https://openalex.org/W2985580400","https://openalex.org/W3042570042","https://openalex.org/W3042606211","https://openalex.org/W3095152599","https://openalex.org/W3100868953","https://openalex.org/W3112319773","https://openalex.org/W3158380868","https://openalex.org/W3212010353","https://openalex.org/W4206559144","https://openalex.org/W4213283107","https://openalex.org/W4294811437","https://openalex.org/W4313060067","https://openalex.org/W4379745732","https://openalex.org/W4382989264"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W948099415","https://openalex.org/W1524135043","https://openalex.org/W1574498255","https://openalex.org/W3180106325","https://openalex.org/W4396712898","https://openalex.org/W2532810734","https://openalex.org/W2903401447","https://openalex.org/W2611727523","https://openalex.org/W2828008748","https://openalex.org/W3133174179"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"By":[0],"exploiting":[1],"the":[2,33,40,45,58,65,76,81,90,97,108,111,116,123,156,167,172,178,185,197],"spatial":[3],"diversity":[4],"of":[5,96,122],"Global":[6],"Navigation":[7],"Satellite":[8],"System":[9],"(GNSS)-based":[10],"passive":[11],"multistatic":[12,139],"radar,":[13],"this":[14],"article":[15],"proposes":[16],"a":[17,50,202],"novel":[18],"joint":[19,160],"detection":[20,161],"and":[21,93,115,162,180,192],"localization":[22,163],"method":[23,187,199],"for":[24,29,159],"maritime":[25],"moving":[26],"ships.":[27],"First,":[28],"each":[30],"bistatic":[31,71],"baseline,":[32],"weak":[34],"target":[35,98,117,157],"energy":[36,158],"is":[37,104,141],"concentrated":[38],"in":[39],"range-Doppler":[41],"(RD)":[42],"map":[43],"over":[44],"long":[46],"integration":[47,140],"time":[48],"with":[49,201],"motion":[51],"compensation":[52],"technique":[53],"that":[54,79,184],"needs":[55,87],"to":[56,69,88,106,130,134,143,196],"search":[57,89],"unknown":[59,91],"Doppler":[60,112],"frequency":[61,113],"rate":[62,114],"value.":[63],"Then,":[64],"RD":[66],"maps":[67],"pertaining":[68],"all":[70,145],"baselines":[72],"are":[73],"projected":[74],"into":[75],"Cartesian":[77,146],"planes":[78,147],"represent":[80],"surveyed":[82],"area.":[83],"The":[84],"projection":[85],"processing":[86],"X-axis":[92],"Y-axis":[94],"components":[95,126],"velocity":[99,118,124,193],"vector.":[100,119],"A":[101],"quadratic":[102,173],"equation":[103],"derived":[105],"describe":[107],"relationship":[109],"between":[110],"Therefore,":[120],"one":[121],"vector":[125],"does":[127],"not":[128],"require":[129],"be":[131],"searched,":[132],"leading":[133],"improved":[135],"computational":[136,205],"efficiency.":[137,206],"Finally,":[138],"performed":[142],"combine":[144],"via":[148],"an":[149],"objective":[150],"function,":[151],"which":[152],"cannot":[153],"only":[154],"focus":[155],"but":[164,200],"also":[165],"exclude":[166],"invalid":[168],"solution":[169],"induced":[170],"by":[171],"equation.":[174],"Numerical":[175],"results":[176],"against":[177],"simulations":[179],"real":[181],"experiments":[182],"demonstrate":[183],"proposed":[186],"has":[188],"close":[189],"detection,":[190],"positioning,":[191],"estimation":[194],"capabilities":[195],"existing":[198],"much":[203],"higher":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-12-22T23:10:17.713674","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}