{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402593029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3462983","title":"Microwave Photonic Mixing Approach to Doppler Frequency Shift Measurement","display_name":"Microwave Photonic Mixing Approach to Doppler Frequency Shift Measurement","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402593029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3462983"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3462983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3462983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108986466","display_name":"Zhen Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035847352","display_name":"Jiehu Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4537-958X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiehu Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086412079","display_name":"Ruihao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2848-6923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruihao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025021842","display_name":"Zefeng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9458-7823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zefeng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082371644","display_name":"Luyuan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7084-8224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luyuan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079519461","display_name":"Bin Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108986466"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6263,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68558187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9625999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.6682365536689758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.610286295413971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixing","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","score":0.607661783695221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.528769850730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.47251376509666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/four-wave-mixing","display_name":"Four-wave mixing","score":0.43668490648269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-shift","display_name":"Frequency shift","score":0.430406391620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.424316942691803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.41646867990493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3638896942138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.33438268303871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2414534091949463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.24068990349769592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-optics","display_name":"Nonlinear optics","score":0.23287120461463928}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.6682365536689758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.610286295413971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.607661783695221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.528769850730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.47251376509666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146363664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424759","display_name":"Four-wave mixing","level":4,"score":0.43668490648269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984878632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502879","display_name":"Frequency shift","level":2,"score":0.430406391620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.424316942691803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.41646867990493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3638896942138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.33438268303871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2414534091949463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24068990349769592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78854221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756033","display_name":"Nonlinear optics","level":3,"score":0.23287120461463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3462983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3462983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2290571526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52375545","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7914143907","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371339","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980064904","https://openalex.org/W2002646389","https://openalex.org/W2005486111","https://openalex.org/W2018907861","https://openalex.org/W2021002245","https://openalex.org/W2051162467","https://openalex.org/W2051954423","https://openalex.org/W2062571250","https://openalex.org/W2125163426","https://openalex.org/W2142978168","https://openalex.org/W2225262625","https://openalex.org/W2279068582","https://openalex.org/W2413981410","https://openalex.org/W2414774247","https://openalex.org/W2441779080","https://openalex.org/W2486722524","https://openalex.org/W2569034909","https://openalex.org/W2581981130","https://openalex.org/W2771729133","https://openalex.org/W2793582912","https://openalex.org/W2918165364","https://openalex.org/W2942292355","https://openalex.org/W2943080986","https://openalex.org/W2973470697","https://openalex.org/W3022708807","https://openalex.org/W3093024761","https://openalex.org/W3108091777","https://openalex.org/W3131672395","https://openalex.org/W3184649142","https://openalex.org/W3196581975","https://openalex.org/W4210760290","https://openalex.org/W4293150172","https://openalex.org/W4296915203","https://openalex.org/W4312746211","https://openalex.org/W4319335543"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2983700505","https://openalex.org/W1995516441","https://openalex.org/W2990988381","https://openalex.org/W2367051537","https://openalex.org/W2280966447","https://openalex.org/W4385267533","https://openalex.org/W2390429973","https://openalex.org/W2024117748","https://openalex.org/W2126060576","https://openalex.org/W2242822423"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"microwave":[1,22,36],"photonic":[2,63,89],"mixing":[3,90],"approach":[4],"to":[5,34,66,99,115,144],"laser":[6,68],"Doppler":[7],"frequency":[8,30,37,72,75,111,120,156],"shift":[9,121],"(DFS)":[10],"measurement":[11],"employed":[12],"for":[13],"high-velocity":[14],"estimation":[15],"is":[16,32,54,96],"proposed.":[17],"Based":[18],"on":[19,62,92],"optical":[20,60],"carrier-based":[21],"interferometry,":[23],"the":[24,27,35,57,71,101,110,154],"DFS":[25,69],"of":[26,50,59,73,86,104,123,150],"light":[28,43,52],"wave":[29,53],"domain":[31],"mapped":[33],"domain.":[38],"With":[39],"a":[40,45,51,93,107,119,127,140,148],"modulated":[41],"broadband":[42],"wave,":[44],"sufficiently":[46],"small":[47],"coherence":[48],"length":[49],"produced,":[55],"avoiding":[56],"influence":[58],"interference":[61],"mixing.":[64],"Compared":[65],"conventional":[67],"measurement,":[70],"intermediate":[74],"(IF)":[76],"signal":[77],"can":[78,130],"be":[79,131],"reduced":[80],"by":[81],"4":[82],"and":[83,147],"5":[84],"orders":[85],"magnitude.":[87],"Microwave":[88],"based":[91],"heterodyne":[94],"interferometer":[95],"also":[97],"performed":[98],"eliminate":[100],"direction":[102],"ambiguity":[103],"motion.":[105],"In":[106],"proof-of-concept":[108],"experiment,":[109],"shifts":[112],"from":[113,142],"0":[114,143],"100":[116],"kHz":[117],"with":[118],"error":[122],"<30":[124],"Hz":[125],"at":[126,153],"wide":[128],"bandwidth":[129],"achieved.":[132],"For":[133],"radial":[134],"velocity":[135],"estimation,":[136],"these":[137],"results":[138],"reveal":[139],"range":[141],"3000":[145],"m/s":[146,152],"resolution":[149],"<0.9":[151],"5-GHz":[155],"band.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}