{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401749462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3446612","title":"Improving AOA Accuracy in BLE-Based Localization With a Hierarchical Estimation Framework and Phase Correction Mechanism","display_name":"Improving AOA Accuracy in BLE-Based Localization With a Hierarchical Estimation Framework and Phase Correction Mechanism","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401749462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3446612"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3446612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3446612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069471330","display_name":"Yazhou Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-5673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128819","display_name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/033js6g46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yazhou Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuroregulation in Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuroregulation in Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088903461","display_name":"C. S. Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8284-5345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128819","display_name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/033js6g46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuroregulation in Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuroregulation in Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106654468","display_name":"Lili Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9528-541X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128819","display_name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/033js6g46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lili Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuroregulation in Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuroregulation in Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001791208","display_name":"Zhezhuang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7535-1575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhezhuang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100700538","display_name":"Zhixin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1638-7118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128819","display_name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/033js6g46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuroregulation in Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuroregulation in Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058648644","display_name":"Kai Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3517-5620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128819","display_name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/033js6g46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuroregulation in Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuroregulation in Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069471330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2088,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5081327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.609684407711029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5328474640846252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.5311241149902344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18636071681976318}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.609684407711029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5328474640846252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.5311241149902344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18636071681976318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3446612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3446612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1122842682","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23A20333","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G161883977","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62122065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5414887584","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62373320","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6507910793","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62273298","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8888741509","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62273295","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W658204242","https://openalex.org/W2770020404","https://openalex.org/W2884645961","https://openalex.org/W2907330399","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W3015464588","https://openalex.org/W3023686478","https://openalex.org/W3085282225","https://openalex.org/W3092310867","https://openalex.org/W3106393161","https://openalex.org/W3144468345","https://openalex.org/W3159341826","https://openalex.org/W3169011291","https://openalex.org/W4205387452","https://openalex.org/W4205609030","https://openalex.org/W4205852380","https://openalex.org/W4226039550","https://openalex.org/W4226219417","https://openalex.org/W4285250023","https://openalex.org/W4285818024","https://openalex.org/W4294811438","https://openalex.org/W4294982456","https://openalex.org/W4310664332","https://openalex.org/W4313291212","https://openalex.org/W4323767066","https://openalex.org/W4379116622","https://openalex.org/W4380765912","https://openalex.org/W4385258366","https://openalex.org/W4386902770"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382997850","https://openalex.org/W2382290278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,5,23,46,54,69,93,97,115,127,131,136,159,180],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,7,28,40,56,71,118,175,182],"Internet":[6],"Things":[8],"(IoT)":[9],"technology,":[10],"location-based":[11],"services":[12],"(LBSs)":[13],"are":[14],"gaining":[15],"significant":[16],"attention":[17,33],"for":[18,81,188],"their":[19],"potential":[20],"applications.":[21],"Among":[22],"various":[24],"LBS":[25],"methods,":[26],"angle":[27,84,109,141],"arrival":[29],"(AOA)":[30],"is":[31],"attracting":[32],"due":[34],"to":[35],"its":[36],"simplicity":[37],"and":[38,135,150,167,177],"ease":[39],"implementation.":[41],"However,":[42],"in":[43,76,87,179,192],"practical":[44,189],"applications,":[45],"Bluetooth":[47,77],"low-energy":[48],"(BLE)-based":[49],"2-D":[50],"antenna":[51],"array":[52],"encounters":[53],"problem":[55],"constant":[57],"tone":[58],"extension":[59],"(CTE)":[60],"frequency":[61,99],"deviation":[62],"(FD),":[63],"which":[64,184],"introduces":[65],"phase":[66,116,132,148],"impairments.":[67],"Additionally,":[68],"support":[70],"periodical":[72],"advertising":[73],"(PA)":[74],"event":[75],"poses":[78],"a":[79,107,163,172],"challenge":[80],"ensuring":[82],"excellent":[83],"estimation":[85,110,138,152,181],"performance":[86],"periodic":[88,154],"physical":[89],"(PHY)":[90],"channels,":[91],"as":[92],"channel":[94],"overlaps":[95],"with":[96,140],"Wi-Fi":[98],"band.":[100],"To":[101],"address":[102],"these":[103],"challenges,":[104],"we":[105],"propose":[106],"hierarchical":[108],"(HAE)":[111],"framework":[112,123,146],"based":[113],"on":[114,162],"difference":[117],"single":[119],"reference":[120],"antenna.":[121],"The":[122,144],"comprises":[124],"three":[125],"layers:":[126],"data":[128],"acquisition":[129],"layer,":[130,134],"restoration":[133],"multichannel":[137],"layer":[139],"collection":[142],"solver.":[143],"HAE":[145],"enables":[147],"correction":[149],"accurate":[151],"over":[153],"PHY":[155],"channels.":[156],"We":[157],"validate":[158],"proposed":[160],"method":[161],"real":[164],"hardware":[165],"system":[166],"demonstrate":[168],"that":[169],"it":[170,186],"achieves":[171],"high":[173],"level":[174],"precision":[176],"stability":[178],"angles,":[183],"makes":[185],"suitable":[187],"LBSs":[190],"applications":[191],"challenging":[193],"environments.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}