{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400448676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3425490","title":"A Lightweight Underwater Target Detection Network for Forward-Looking Sonar Images","display_name":"A Lightweight Underwater Target Detection Network for Forward-Looking Sonar Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400448676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3425490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3425490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3425490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052370487","display_name":"Huiling Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8149-4683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiling Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8149-4683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031687614","display_name":"Tian Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-9743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, the Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-9743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, the Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I890469752","https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038404135","display_name":"Haolai Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2510-7974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108243","display_name":"Beijing Solar Energy Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01p6qdx15","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108243"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2510-7974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088159994","display_name":"Xiaoyang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6746-5801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, the Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6746-5801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, the Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I890469752","https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033557364","display_name":"Sen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5698-5249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157719","display_name":"Yancheng Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8njc86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5698-5249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.665,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98711507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9603000283241272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar","display_name":"Sonar","score":0.8451625108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.6721423864364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6107033491134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-sonar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture sonar","score":0.5551139712333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar-signal-processing","display_name":"Sonar signal processing","score":0.4525664150714874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3912910223007202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.37694135308265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37398743629455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3323085308074951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.29254674911499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23052352666854858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19294622540473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11896124482154846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.8451625108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.6721423864364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6107033491134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181255713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662740","display_name":"Synthetic aperture sonar","level":3,"score":0.5551139712333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778260390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15378713","display_name":"Sonar signal processing","level":4,"score":0.4525664150714874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3912910223007202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.37694135308265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37398743629455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3323085308074951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.29254674911499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23052352666854858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19294622540473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11896124482154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3425490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3425490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1449357824","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42176188","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1810102124","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42306212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2041224344","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42176192","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4906360385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3206902","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5902704227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LH2023D018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7034182741","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3206900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7800655536","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330281","display_name":"Jiangsu University Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971340557","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2331952345","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2598301860","https://openalex.org/W2766395563","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2967441388","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2986661129","https://openalex.org/W3010587496","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3025643883","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3048954714","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3121572802","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3176482836","https://openalex.org/W3197086755","https://openalex.org/W3203877027","https://openalex.org/W3209083247","https://openalex.org/W3215128484","https://openalex.org/W4210621772","https://openalex.org/W4220843464","https://openalex.org/W4221063239","https://openalex.org/W4283375336","https://openalex.org/W4285108857","https://openalex.org/W4293234897","https://openalex.org/W4293370779","https://openalex.org/W4294142946","https://openalex.org/W4294664184","https://openalex.org/W4310742868","https://openalex.org/W4312866117","https://openalex.org/W4321770571","https://openalex.org/W4323338300","https://openalex.org/W4375862528","https://openalex.org/W4385495695","https://openalex.org/W4386047745","https://openalex.org/W4386822461","https://openalex.org/W4390915756","https://openalex.org/W6755422965","https://openalex.org/W6873058455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2124036443","https://openalex.org/W2610363864","https://openalex.org/W2522001250","https://openalex.org/W1837732302","https://openalex.org/W2770554383","https://openalex.org/W2586963099","https://openalex.org/W1993360770","https://openalex.org/W4385466731","https://openalex.org/W2911323905","https://openalex.org/W1971346904"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,53,103,116,138],"increasing":[2],"demand":[3],"for":[4,170],"automatic":[5],"underwater":[6,57,155],"object":[7],"detection,":[8],"different":[9],"deep":[10],"learning":[11],"(DL)":[12],"methods":[13],"have":[14],"been":[15],"performed":[16],"on":[17,109],"forward-looking":[18],"sonar":[19],"(FLS)":[20],"images":[21],"in":[22,140],"recent":[23],"years.":[24],"However,":[25],"DL-based":[26],"approaches":[27],"face":[28],"challenges":[29],"of":[30,55,122],"overfitting":[31,61,88],"due":[32],"to":[33,43,76,86,101],"excessive":[34],"parameters":[35],"and":[36,62,92,106,111,125,146],"limited":[37],"generalization":[38,63,141],"ability.":[39],"This":[40,152],"study":[41],"aims":[42],"develop":[44],"a":[45,80,120,128,160,167],"lightweight":[46,81,134,161],"FLS":[47],"detection":[48,54,104,123,157],"network":[49,95,162],"(FLSD-Net)":[50],"that":[51,115],"improves":[52],"small":[56],"targets":[58],"by":[59,158],"addressing":[60],"issues.":[64],"The":[65],"FLSD-Net":[66],"incorporates":[67],"three":[68],"key":[69],"modules\u2014a":[70],"light":[71],"initial":[72],"downsampling":[73],"(LID)":[74],"module":[75,85],"reduce":[77,87],"information":[78],"loss,":[79],"feature":[82],"extraction":[83],"(LFE)":[84],"from":[89],"parameter":[90],"redundancy,":[91],"an":[93],"optimized":[94],"structure":[96],"prioritizing":[97],"high-resolution":[98],"shallow":[99],"layers":[100],"improve":[102],"accuracy":[105,126],"speed.":[107],"Validation":[108],"public":[110],"self-created":[112],"datasets":[113],"shows":[114],"proposed":[117],"method":[118],"achieved":[119],"balance":[121],"speed":[124],"with":[127,163],"better":[129],"performance":[130],"than":[131],"state-of-the-art":[132],"(SOTA)":[133],"networks.":[135],"In":[136],"addition,":[137],"results":[139],"experiments":[142],"exhibit":[143],"reduced":[144],"missed":[145],"false":[147],"detections,":[148],"indicating":[149],"improved":[150,164],"robustness.":[151],"article":[153],"advances":[154],"target":[156],"developing":[159],"generalization,":[165],"providing":[166],"robust":[168],"solution":[169],"real-world":[171],"applications.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
