{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399527738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3412196","title":"Sensing, Tracking, and Recognition of Macro\u2013Micro Hand Gestures Using Interferometric MIMO Radar","display_name":"Sensing, Tracking, and Recognition of Macro\u2013Micro Hand Gestures Using Interferometric MIMO Radar","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399527738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3412196"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3412196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3412196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100609660","display_name":"Xiangrong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1893-7606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangrong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of CNS/ATM, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1893-7606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of CNS/ATM, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001716682","display_name":"H. Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8224-9655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hengfeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of CNS/ATM, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8224-9655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of CNS/ATM, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072429755","display_name":"Xianghua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7888-4235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianghua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of CNS/ATM, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7888-4235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of CNS/ATM, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057159009","display_name":"Victor C. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1100-239X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor C. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["VCC Research and Development Consultants, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1100-239X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VCC Research and Development Consultants, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007661434","display_name":"Moeness G. Amin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0926-4120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moeness G. Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Communications, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0926-4120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Communications, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073646552","display_name":"Kaiquan Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2108-291X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiquan Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of CNS/ATM, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2108-291X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of CNS/ATM, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1815,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94378813,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.6443221569061279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6339960098266602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.5745040774345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.5699812173843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5581125020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5416607856750488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5255184173583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5142102241516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.5023818016052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.4634200632572174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.45071470737457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4416525661945343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4233928322792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18459314107894897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14803674817085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.14298012852668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.12062421441078186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.6443221569061279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6339960098266602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.5745040774345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.5699812173843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5581125020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5416607856750488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5255184173583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5142102241516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.5023818016052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.4634200632572174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.45071470737457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4416525661945343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4233928322792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18459314107894897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14803674817085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14298012852668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.12062421441078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3412196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3412196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2682853614","display_name":"\u96f7\u8fbe\u901a\u4fe1\u5171\u4eab\u6ce2\u5f62\u7a7a\u57df\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G336257773","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61827901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3947017407","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20220123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","funder_display_name":"Beijing Nova Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8631212603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2333212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","display_name":"Beijing Nova Program","ror":"https://ror.org/034k14f91"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968148105","https://openalex.org/W2093505553","https://openalex.org/W2140815352","https://openalex.org/W2298692413","https://openalex.org/W2469690627","https://openalex.org/W2535933534","https://openalex.org/W2594035233","https://openalex.org/W2762541595","https://openalex.org/W2898691018","https://openalex.org/W2911053187","https://openalex.org/W2921996591","https://openalex.org/W2946020594","https://openalex.org/W2946548169","https://openalex.org/W2954377489","https://openalex.org/W2955818243","https://openalex.org/W2981343070","https://openalex.org/W2996290984","https://openalex.org/W3010156941","https://openalex.org/W3011127909","https://openalex.org/W3024145105","https://openalex.org/W3025289143","https://openalex.org/W3046302181","https://openalex.org/W3131566895","https://openalex.org/W3162886895","https://openalex.org/W3175162712","https://openalex.org/W3175671973","https://openalex.org/W3199174005","https://openalex.org/W3208912836","https://openalex.org/W3209817789","https://openalex.org/W4225443890","https://openalex.org/W4226013376","https://openalex.org/W4226246654","https://openalex.org/W4229079244","https://openalex.org/W4285118056","https://openalex.org/W4285130333","https://openalex.org/W4285164593","https://openalex.org/W4285259512","https://openalex.org/W4285295845","https://openalex.org/W4293860566","https://openalex.org/W4294643357","https://openalex.org/W4306398630","https://openalex.org/W4312214277","https://openalex.org/W4312925153","https://openalex.org/W4318586102","https://openalex.org/W4323644373","https://openalex.org/W4367146640","https://openalex.org/W4381198827","https://openalex.org/W4396670781","https://openalex.org/W6632679030"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2902873204","https://openalex.org/W2185750513","https://openalex.org/W2010878661","https://openalex.org/W3147379364","https://openalex.org/W2026258298","https://openalex.org/W3204639664","https://openalex.org/W2970836791","https://openalex.org/W2805039731","https://openalex.org/W2989699735","https://openalex.org/W4322710567"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,21],"the":[1,48,51,59,81,93,126],"past":[2],"decades,":[3],"radar-based":[4],"hand":[5,28,138,148],"gesture":[6,32],"recognition":[7,142],"(HGR)":[8],"has":[9],"gained":[10],"increased":[11],"attention":[12],"in":[13,90,134],"several":[14],"applications":[15],"involving":[16],"contactless":[17],"human-computer":[18],"interaction":[19],"(HCI).":[20],"this":[22],"article,":[23],"we":[24],"propose":[25],"both":[26],"macro":[27,147],"and":[29,58,74,84,121,136,149,154],"micro":[30,150],"finger":[31,151],"recognitions":[33],"using":[34],"an":[35],"interferometric":[36,61,128],"multi-input":[37],"multi-output":[38],"(MIMO)":[39],"radar.":[40],"The":[41],"two":[42],"principal":[43],"signal":[44],"processing":[45],"modes":[46],"of":[47,87,92,144],"radar":[49,130],"are":[50],"conventional":[52],"MIMO":[53,129],"mode":[54,62],"for":[55,63,146],"initial":[56],"positioning":[57],"transmit":[60],"trajectory":[64],"tracking.":[65],"To":[66],"achieve":[67],"high":[68],"precision":[69],"sensing,":[70],"a":[71,100,141],"novel":[72],"temporal":[73],"spatial":[75],"interferometry":[76],"is":[77,111],"applied":[78],"to":[79,113],"acquire":[80],"subtle":[82],"range":[83],"angular":[85],"displacements":[86],"hand/finger":[88],"motions,":[89],"lieu":[91],"commonly":[94],"used":[95,112],"micro-Doppler":[96],"(mD)":[97],"spectrogram.":[98],"Additionally,":[99],"ResNet50":[101],"convolution":[102],"neural":[103],"network":[104],"(CNN)":[105],"trained":[106],"with":[107],"3-D":[108],"space-time":[109],"coordinates":[110],"provide":[114],"HGR":[115,157],"robustness":[116],"against":[117],"similar":[118],"drawings.":[119],"Simulation":[120],"experimental":[122],"results":[123],"show":[124],"that":[125],"proposed":[127],"performs":[131],"rather":[132],"well":[133],"sensing":[135],"tracking":[137],"movements,":[139],"achieving":[140],"accuracy":[143],"96.64%\u201396.33%":[145],"gestures,":[152],"respectively,":[153],"outperforming":[155],"existing":[156],"methods.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}