{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399125957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3406807","title":"Tradeoff of Code Estimation Error Rate and Terminal Gain in SCER Attack","display_name":"Tradeoff of Code Estimation Error Rate and Terminal Gain in SCER Attack","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399125957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3406807"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3406807","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3406807","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10540592.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10540592.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040365676","display_name":"X.-F. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9710-8270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangjun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9710-8270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021067080","display_name":"Zukun Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3277-0504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zukun Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3277-0504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056239059","display_name":"Muzi Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3333-4990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muzi Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3333-4990","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043623106","display_name":"Wenxiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9505-4770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9505-4770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000176820","display_name":"Feixue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2448-3740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feixue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2448-3740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070406025","display_name":"Yu Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9276-7812"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Xinghe Electronics Company Ltd., Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9276-7812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Xinghe Electronics Company Ltd., Changsha, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006983662","display_name":"Peiguo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5178-6806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiguo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5178-6806","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":87.1883,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99960322,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.963699996471405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6961039900779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-sequence-spread-spectrum","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","score":0.6669710278511047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6176660060882568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.6021915674209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5749686360359192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception","display_name":"Deception","score":0.5253966450691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.48551011085510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.4434031844139099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.420682817697525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39310649037361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3697361350059509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.36963212490081787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3334004282951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.288958877325058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.2082078754901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12502753734588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10913461446762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09042114019393921}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6961039900779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194491627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334354","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","level":4,"score":0.6669710278511047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6176660060882568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.6021915674209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5749686360359192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.5253966450691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.48551011085510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.4434031844139099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.420682817697525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39310649037361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3697361350059509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.36963212490081787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3334004282951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.288958877325058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.2082078754901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12502753734588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10913461446762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09042114019393921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3406807","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3406807","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10540592.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3406807","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3406807","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10540592.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8931727182","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62003354","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399125957.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005801175","https://openalex.org/W2013574647","https://openalex.org/W2152205538","https://openalex.org/W2163817628","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2334968816","https://openalex.org/W2771980845","https://openalex.org/W2800818163","https://openalex.org/W2804952390","https://openalex.org/W2889822375","https://openalex.org/W2895054480","https://openalex.org/W2971631085","https://openalex.org/W3016144627","https://openalex.org/W3021365829","https://openalex.org/W3022865759","https://openalex.org/W3081547854","https://openalex.org/W3157937797","https://openalex.org/W3186645182","https://openalex.org/W3188301062","https://openalex.org/W3189423944","https://openalex.org/W3200530419","https://openalex.org/W3210191085","https://openalex.org/W4200423589","https://openalex.org/W4221121657","https://openalex.org/W4285119742","https://openalex.org/W4315479813","https://openalex.org/W4321853111","https://openalex.org/W4382119205","https://openalex.org/W6687592009","https://openalex.org/W6692171415","https://openalex.org/W6731781941","https://openalex.org/W6754756937"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4224302876","https://openalex.org/W2389742269","https://openalex.org/W2380713523","https://openalex.org/W2304504342","https://openalex.org/W2358841638","https://openalex.org/W2362112362","https://openalex.org/W2394108910","https://openalex.org/W2359828397","https://openalex.org/W4200629670","https://openalex.org/W2327370533"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"current":[1],"research":[2],"on":[3,14,88,102,127,141,149,200,236,268],"the":[4,51,68,79,82,89,103,134,142,150,180,201,208,217,220,225,237,255,269,274,279,288,299,304,309,313,321,324],"global":[5],"navigation":[6],"satellite":[7],"system":[8],"(GNSS)":[9],"has":[10,27,265],"shifted":[11],"to":[12,33,38,62,120,176,284,297,307],"focus":[13],"providing":[15],"secure":[16],"and":[17,72,91,106,118,132,146,153,170,189,316],"reliable":[18],"services,":[19],"rather":[20],"than":[21,216,231],"high-precision":[22],"positioning":[23],"services.":[24],"Deception":[25],"jamming":[26],"emerged":[28],"as":[29,42,242],"a":[30,112,171],"major":[31],"threat":[32],"GNSS":[34],"security":[35,45,69],"applications":[36],"due":[37],"its":[39],"advantages":[40],"such":[41],"concealment.":[43],"For":[44],"signals":[46],"not":[47,60],"publicly":[48],"available":[49],"in":[50,173,287],"spread":[52,83,128,137,161,181,209,261,289],"spectrum":[53,84,129,138,162,182,210,262,290],"code":[54,70,85,130,139,163,183,211,226,256,263,291],"sequence,":[55],"simple":[56],"deception":[57,107,314,317],"methods":[58],"do":[59],"suffice":[61],"implement":[63],"effective":[64,178],"deception.":[65,325],"In":[66],"response,":[67],"estimation":[71,86,124,292],"replay":[73],"(SCER)":[74],"attack":[75,93,105,281,306],"was":[76],"proposed.":[77],"However,":[78],"impact":[80,135,267],"of":[81,136,224,240,278,303,312,323],"error":[87,140,164,184,212,223,264],"receiver":[90,113,143,203],"SCER":[92,104,270,280,305],"effect":[94],"is":[95,100,214,229,235,295],"still":[96],"unclear.":[97],"This":[98],"paper":[99],"based":[101,126],"signal":[108,315],"receiving":[109,275],"model,":[110],"constructs":[111],"tracking":[114,144,257],"loop":[115,145],"analysis":[116],"model":[117,125],"carrier":[119],"noise":[121],"ratio":[122],"(CNR)":[123],"error,":[131,293],"analyzes":[133],"CNR.":[147,174],"Based":[148],"experimental":[151],"results":[152],"discussion,":[154],"some":[155],"conclusions":[156],"have":[157],"been":[158],"drawn.":[159],"Firstly,":[160],"will":[165,282],"cause":[166],"correlation":[167],"peak":[168],"distortion":[169],"decrease":[172],"Secondly,":[175],"achieve":[177],"deception,":[179],"cannot":[185],"be":[186,251],"increased":[187],"indefinitely":[188],"an":[190,285],"upper":[191,218],"bound":[192],"exists,":[193],"which":[194,234],"ranges":[195],"from":[196],"about":[197],"41%,":[198],"depending":[199],"deceived":[202],"acquisition":[204],"strategy.":[205],"Thirdly,":[206],"when":[207],"rate":[213],"less":[215,230],"bound,":[219],"mean":[221],"square":[222],"phase":[227],"measurement":[228],"0.02":[232],"chip,":[233],"same":[238,310],"order":[239],"magnitude":[241],"caused":[243,259],"by":[244,260],"thermal":[245],"noise.":[246],"As":[247],"such,":[248],"it":[249,294],"can":[250],"approximately":[252],"assumed":[253],"that":[254],"deviation":[258],"minimal":[266],"attack.":[271],"Although":[272],"reducing":[273,320],"terminal":[276,301],"gain":[277,302],"lead":[283],"increase":[286,298],"possible":[296],"transmitting":[300],"maintain":[308],"CNR":[311],"effect,":[318],"greatly":[319],"cost":[322]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T08:27:34.040176","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}