{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396754376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3398090","title":"TwinPop: A Resource-Efficient and Highly Linear FPGA-Based Time-to-Digital Converter","display_name":"TwinPop: A Resource-Efficient and Highly Linear FPGA-Based Time-to-Digital Converter","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396754376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3398090"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3398090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3398090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075000702","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0900-0216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048806713","display_name":"Ziyi Weng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0417-0635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyi Weng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082832356","display_name":"Chao Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1995-4739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058697648","display_name":"Menglan Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2800-4348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Menglan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communication, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communication, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100748744","display_name":"Qingguo Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5353-2201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingguo Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081222445","display_name":"Jun Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7036-5158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075000702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4449,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60408424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8057065606117249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6922650337219238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timestamp","display_name":"Timestamp","score":0.6070445775985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-significant-bit","display_name":"Least significant bit","score":0.6060686111450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.5494817495346069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-nonlinearity","display_name":"Differential nonlinearity","score":0.480940043926239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4683755338191986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.4488511383533478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.436404824256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-digital-converter","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","score":0.41127827763557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.343142032623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33536869287490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.2074410319328308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15059655904769897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12965929508209229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11902919411659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10024023056030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08639931678771973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8057065606117249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6922650337219238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.6070445775985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4305246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3885225","display_name":"Least significant bit","level":2,"score":0.6060686111450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.5494817495346069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71217194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575958","display_name":"Differential nonlinearity","level":3,"score":0.480940043926239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4683755338191986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.4488511383533478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.436404824256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99594498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434524","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","level":4,"score":0.41127827763557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.343142032623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33536869287490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.2074410319328308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15059655904769897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12965929508209229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11902919411659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10024023056030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08639931678771973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3398090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3398090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7215315909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6220011218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G898056984","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022CFB034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549055430","https://openalex.org/W1615624772","https://openalex.org/W1972762514","https://openalex.org/W1973902586","https://openalex.org/W1975959688","https://openalex.org/W1982445074","https://openalex.org/W1989027255","https://openalex.org/W1996874179","https://openalex.org/W2037455144","https://openalex.org/W2056848692","https://openalex.org/W2069686882","https://openalex.org/W2087531654","https://openalex.org/W2104114375","https://openalex.org/W2108435403","https://openalex.org/W2112343194","https://openalex.org/W2134814047","https://openalex.org/W2140489157","https://openalex.org/W2156435621","https://openalex.org/W2219472191","https://openalex.org/W2259301194","https://openalex.org/W2336859452","https://openalex.org/W2766626786","https://openalex.org/W2804896529","https://openalex.org/W2905538064","https://openalex.org/W2909373593","https://openalex.org/W2966145430","https://openalex.org/W3014248279","https://openalex.org/W3118028496","https://openalex.org/W3134317774","https://openalex.org/W3183688686","https://openalex.org/W3190562896","https://openalex.org/W3210865030","https://openalex.org/W3215956025","https://openalex.org/W4200063309","https://openalex.org/W4206141977","https://openalex.org/W4313485762","https://openalex.org/W4387490640"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804896529","https://openalex.org/W2237891095","https://openalex.org/W2536327642","https://openalex.org/W2048428008","https://openalex.org/W3193786683","https://openalex.org/W2166674979","https://openalex.org/W2166268103","https://openalex.org/W1975959688","https://openalex.org/W2104161278","https://openalex.org/W2905193124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,48],"field":[1],"programmable":[2,71],"gate":[3],"array":[4],"(FPGA)-based":[5],"time-to-digital":[6],"converter":[7],"(TDC)":[8],"has":[9],"been":[10],"notoriously":[11],"troubled":[12],"by":[13,43],"its":[14],"nonlinearity":[15,124,167,173],"problems.":[16],"To":[17],"address":[18],"it,":[19],"conventional":[20,94],"approaches":[21],"often":[22],"demand":[23],"redundant":[24,193],"resources":[25,105,112,194],"or":[26,210],"calibration":[27,189],"efforts.":[28],"In":[29,57,108],"this":[30,37],"article,":[31],"we":[32,61],"propose":[33],"TwinPop":[34],"to":[35,85,135],"tackle":[36],"issue":[38],"in":[39,88,139],"a":[40,52,93,117,158,198],"resource-efficient":[41],"manner,":[42],"largely":[44],"reducing":[45],"chain":[46,104,184],"resources.":[47],"key":[49],"technique":[50],"is":[51,99,214],"novel":[53],"two-phase":[54],"interpolation":[55],"process.":[56],"the":[58,63,82,89,123,127,140],"first":[59],"phase,":[60],"alter":[62],"logic":[64,111],"level":[65],"of":[66],"an":[67,133],"input":[68],"signal":[69,77],"at":[70],"intervals":[72,84],"and":[73,169,195,206],"imprint":[74],"timestamps":[75,129],"on":[76,175],"edges.":[78],"This":[79,101],"can":[80,113,155,203],"shorten":[81],"time":[83,201],"be":[86,114,204],"interpolated":[87],"second":[90,141],"phase":[91],"where":[92],"tapped":[95],"delay":[96],"line":[97],"(TDL)":[98],"utilized.":[100],"means":[102],"fewer":[103],"are":[106,130],"needed.":[107],"addition,":[109],"all":[110],"constrained":[115],"within":[116],"single":[118],"clock":[119],"region,":[120],"significantly":[121],"mitigating":[122],"problem.":[125],"Finally,":[126],"imprinted":[128],"temperature-insensitive,":[131],"leaving":[132],"opportunity":[134],"calibrate":[136],"temperature-induced":[137],"artifacts":[138],"phase.":[142],"We":[143],"have":[144],"implemented":[145],"prototypes":[146],"using":[147,181],"AMD":[148,176],"FPGAs.":[149],"Results":[150],"demonstrate":[151],"that":[152],"our":[153],"TDC":[154],"readily":[156],"achieve":[157],"less":[159],"than":[160],"0.26":[161],"least":[162],"significant":[163],"bit":[164],"(LSB)":[165],"differential":[166],"(DNL)":[168],"0.42":[170],"LSB":[171,208,212],"integral":[172],"(INL)":[174],"16":[177],"nm":[178],"Ultrascale+":[179],"FPGA":[180],"only":[182],"1/3":[183],"resources,":[185],"even":[186],"without":[187],"any":[188],"tricks.":[190],"With":[191],"enough":[192],"statistical":[196],"calibrations,":[197],"5":[199],"ps":[200],"resolution":[202],"achieved":[205],"0.2":[207],"INL":[209],"0.3":[211],"DNL":[213],"attainable.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T23:12:01.093139","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
