{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393171277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3381701","title":"SPGformer: Serial\u2013Parallel Hybrid GCN-Transformer With Graph-Oriented Encoder for 2-D-to-3-D Human Pose Estimation","display_name":"SPGformer: Serial\u2013Parallel Hybrid GCN-Transformer With Graph-Oriented Encoder for 2-D-to-3-D Human Pose Estimation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393171277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3381701"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3381701","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3381701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026660543","display_name":"Q. Z. Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4821-4230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control Science and Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","Department of Control Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No.4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4821-4230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control Science and Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No.4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101623271","display_name":"Zihan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5100-1439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), Tongji University, No.4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5100-1439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), Tongji University, No.4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037011474","display_name":"Mengxian Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9844-5768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengxian Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), Tongji University, No.4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9844-5768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), Tongji University, No.4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056887449","display_name":"Qinyang Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinyang Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), Tongji University, No.4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0454","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), Tongji University, No.4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037285766","display_name":"Chengju Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7543-0855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengju Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), Tongji University, No.4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","Tongji Research Institute of Artificial Intelligence (Suzhou), Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7543-0855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), Tongji University, No.4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji Research Institute of Artificial Intelligence (Suzhou), Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073789459","display_name":"Qijun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5644-1188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qijun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), Tongji University, No.4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5644-1188","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL), Tongji University, No.4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6248,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90726396,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6657242774963379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5924278497695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5656418204307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.47839248180389404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.411182701587677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3208944499492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.26853886246681213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.24971142411231995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.21341478824615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.20485186576843262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19062629342079163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6657242774963379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5924278497695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5656418204307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.47839248180389404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.411182701587677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3208944499492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26853886246681213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.24971142411231995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.21341478824615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.20485186576843262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19062629342079163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3381701","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3381701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2581980031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62073245","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5736016220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62233013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7181576816","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62173248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1905368000","https://openalex.org/W2101032778","https://openalex.org/W2554247908","https://openalex.org/W2557698284","https://openalex.org/W2583372902","https://openalex.org/W2612706635","https://openalex.org/W2758778552","https://openalex.org/W2797184202","https://openalex.org/W2798646183","https://openalex.org/W2893627667","https://openalex.org/W2940457086","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2964016027","https://openalex.org/W2964221239","https://openalex.org/W2964318832","https://openalex.org/W2966735886","https://openalex.org/W2968459013","https://openalex.org/W2982627166","https://openalex.org/W2989465897","https://openalex.org/W3022928074","https://openalex.org/W3035707711","https://openalex.org/W3097623574","https://openalex.org/W3098612954","https://openalex.org/W3106838237","https://openalex.org/W3109877674","https://openalex.org/W3113950706","https://openalex.org/W3126541466","https://openalex.org/W3136525061","https://openalex.org/W3173811519","https://openalex.org/W3175199633","https://openalex.org/W3176892444","https://openalex.org/W3202716970","https://openalex.org/W4292347995","https://openalex.org/W4312249545","https://openalex.org/W4312676616","https://openalex.org/W4312797994","https://openalex.org/W4312914534","https://openalex.org/W4313068951","https://openalex.org/W4372260022","https://openalex.org/W4377717242","https://openalex.org/W4379985979","https://openalex.org/W4382457852","https://openalex.org/W4383428317","https://openalex.org/W6755322230","https://openalex.org/W6767176642"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123263858","https://openalex.org/W3127959533","https://openalex.org/W4390516098","https://openalex.org/W2181948922","https://openalex.org/W2384362569","https://openalex.org/W2894986065","https://openalex.org/W4387967917","https://openalex.org/W4287600488","https://openalex.org/W2142795561","https://openalex.org/W4318473896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"acquisition":[1],"of":[2,44,58,97,114,122,132,156,160,166,181],"3D":[3,37,178],"human":[4,14,29,193],"joint":[5,120,161],"poses":[6],"holds":[7],"significant":[8],"implications":[9],"for":[10,52,175,189],"tasks":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13,137],"action":[15],"recognition.":[16],"Monocular":[17],"single-frame":[18],"2D-to-3D":[19,59],"pose":[20,30,46,60,180],"estimation":[21,47,61],"focuses":[22],"on":[23,202,212],"establishing":[24],"the":[25,41,65,73,80,111,119,123,129,135,151,154,164,177,182,203,214],"correspondence":[26],"between":[27,75],"2D":[28,45,112],"in":[31,63,134],"a":[32,93,146,157,173,186],"single":[33],"image":[34,136],"and":[35,101,216],"their":[36],"spatial":[38,66],"pose,":[39],"delegating":[40],"preliminary":[42],"task":[43],"to":[48,150],"models":[49],"better":[50,71],"suited":[51],"processing":[53],"pixel":[54],"information.":[55],"The":[56,141,206],"intricacy":[57],"resides":[62],"modeling":[64],"constraints":[67],"among":[68],"joints.":[69],"To":[70],"learn":[72],"structure":[74],"joints,":[76,115],"this":[77,170],"paper":[78,171],"proposes":[79],"SPGformer":[81,207],"algorithm,":[82],"constructed":[83],"with":[84],"stacked":[85],"Serial-Parallel":[86],"GCN-Encoder":[87],"(SPGEncoder)":[88],"modules.":[89],"This":[90,195],"module":[91,144],"forms":[92],"dual-branch":[94],"framework":[95],"composed":[96],"Transformer":[98],"Encoders":[99,103],"(Encoders)":[100],"graph-oriented":[102],"(GraEncoders).":[104],"We":[105],"recover":[106],"concealed":[107],"depth":[108],"values":[109],"from":[110],"coordinates":[113],"inputting":[116],"them":[117],"into":[118],"branch":[121,139],"SPGEncoder.":[124],"In":[125],"parallel,":[126],"we":[127],"take":[128],"connection":[130],"features":[131],"joints":[133],"vector":[138],"input.":[140],"proposed":[142],"GraEncoder":[143],"integrates":[145],"learnable":[147],"GCN":[148],"prior":[149],"Encoder,":[152],"enabling":[153],"learning":[155],"broader":[158],"spectrum":[159],"connections":[162],"within":[163],"confines":[165],"skeletal":[167],"linkage.":[168],"Furthermore,":[169],"presents":[172],"methodology":[174],"calculating":[176],"absolute":[179],"root":[183],"node,":[184],"filling":[185],"research":[187],"gap":[188],"applications":[190],"requiring":[191],"precise":[192],"position.":[194],"non-learnable,":[196],"plug-and-play":[197],"method":[198],"has":[199],"been":[200],"validated":[201],"Human3.6M":[204,215],"dataset.":[205],"algorithm":[208],"outperforms":[209],"State-of-the-Art":[210],"methods":[211],"both":[213],"MPI-INF-3DHP":[217],"datasets.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}