{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392694044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3374296","title":"Tacholess Order Tracking Method Based on STFrFT for Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Gearbox Under Variable Operating Conditions","display_name":"Tacholess Order Tracking Method Based on STFrFT for Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Gearbox Under Variable Operating Conditions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392694044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3374296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3374296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3374296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094124805","display_name":"Shaokang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0381-8006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaokang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","Baoding key Laboratory of State Detection and Optimization Regulation for Integrated Energy System, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0381-8006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baoding key Laboratory of State Detection and Optimization Regulation for Integrated Energy System, Baoding, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022890229","display_name":"Changliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8201-0871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","Baoding key Laboratory of State Detection and Optimization Regulation for Integrated Energy System, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8201-0871","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baoding key Laboratory of State Detection and Optimization Regulation for Integrated Energy System, Baoding, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018799998","display_name":"Yingjie Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2492-0226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179060312","display_name":"Northeast Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zqaxa34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179060312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjie Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automation Engineering Department, University of Northeast Electric Power, Jilin, China","Automation Engineering Department, University of Northeast Electric Power, Jinlin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2492-0226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automation Engineering Department, University of Northeast Electric Power, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179060312"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automation Engineering Department, University of Northeast Electric Power, Jinlin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179060312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101867965","display_name":"Shuai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6311-5479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","Baoding key Laboratory of State Detection and Optimization Regulation for Integrated Energy System, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6311-5479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baoding key Laboratory of State Detection and Optimization Regulation for Integrated Energy System, Baoding, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101402197","display_name":"Weiliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-1345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","Baoding key Laboratory of State Detection and Optimization Regulation for Integrated Energy System, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-1345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Computer Engineering Department, University of North China Electric Power, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baoding key Laboratory of State Detection and Optimization Regulation for Integrated Energy System, Baoding, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2495,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2495},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9424,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91463988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbine","display_name":"Turbine","score":0.6786862015724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.6221791505813599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5648791790008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5604091286659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.519059956073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.48142191767692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.41734057664871216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39769166707992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3385271728038788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19975292682647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12757456302642822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.11437055468559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09387198090553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.07916781306266785}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760","display_name":"Turbine","level":2,"score":0.6786862015724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6221791505813599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5648791790008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5604091286659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.519059956073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.48142191767692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.41734057664871216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39769166707992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3385271728038788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19975292682647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12757456302642822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11437055468559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09387198090553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.07916781306266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3374296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3374296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1519725395","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62203172","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1817709194","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JG005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7024435928","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020MS117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G958712209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020JG006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970066309","https://openalex.org/W1970596305","https://openalex.org/W1978961512","https://openalex.org/W1985220763","https://openalex.org/W1985437849","https://openalex.org/W2002012789","https://openalex.org/W2062487357","https://openalex.org/W2078938486","https://openalex.org/W2158706430","https://openalex.org/W2404620877","https://openalex.org/W2512489629","https://openalex.org/W2606508537","https://openalex.org/W2757638459","https://openalex.org/W2911279749","https://openalex.org/W2934649617","https://openalex.org/W2941606269","https://openalex.org/W2963793010","https://openalex.org/W2982043072","https://openalex.org/W3011506235","https://openalex.org/W3025065882","https://openalex.org/W3045782906","https://openalex.org/W3120595564","https://openalex.org/W3132783101","https://openalex.org/W3156881958","https://openalex.org/W3193649097","https://openalex.org/W3208324867","https://openalex.org/W3208563355","https://openalex.org/W4210828393","https://openalex.org/W4281396584","https://openalex.org/W4289821577","https://openalex.org/W4318148761","https://openalex.org/W4319444080","https://openalex.org/W4320005397","https://openalex.org/W4320343138","https://openalex.org/W4378697317","https://openalex.org/W4381059913","https://openalex.org/W4383702808","https://openalex.org/W4385706531","https://openalex.org/W4386385601","https://openalex.org/W4388505528","https://openalex.org/W4389284049"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084086966","https://openalex.org/W2023861399","https://openalex.org/W3214712242","https://openalex.org/W3204461065","https://openalex.org/W1965417009","https://openalex.org/W2018320994","https://openalex.org/W2460685830","https://openalex.org/W2738547440","https://openalex.org/W3033558281","https://openalex.org/W2741863531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Order":[0],"tracking":[1,74,150],"is":[2,18,140,145,161,180],"an":[3,49,97],"effective":[4],"fault":[5,153],"diagnosis":[6],"method":[7,29,53,104,160,179],"for":[8,60],"rotating":[9],"machinery":[10],"under":[11],"variable":[12],"speed":[13],"conditions.":[14],"Accurate":[15],"instantaneous":[16,36,50,87,101,126,189],"frequency":[17,51,88,102,120,127,190],"the":[19,27,39,65,72,114,118,125,158,164,171,177,183],"premise":[20],"of":[21,71,86,117,131,157,188],"this":[22,46,78],"method.":[23],"In":[24],"recent":[25],"years,":[26],"tacholess":[28,61,148],"has":[30],"been":[31],"widely":[32],"used":[33],"to":[34,93,124,134,151,182],"estimate":[35],"frequency.":[37],"However,":[38],"method\u2019s":[40],"accuracy":[41,89,191],"requires":[42],"further":[43],"improvement.":[44],"Thus,":[45],"paper":[47],"proposes":[48],"estimation":[52,103],"based":[54,105],"on":[55,106],"short-time":[56,107],"fractional":[57,108],"Fourier":[58,109],"transform":[59,110],"order":[62,73,143,149],"tracking.":[63],"First,":[64],"principle":[66],"and":[67,99,128,192],"main":[68],"error":[69],"sources":[70],"are":[75,91],"analyzed.":[76],"On":[77],"basis,":[79],"we":[80],"present":[81],"three":[82],"quantitative":[83],"evaluation":[84],"indicators":[85],"that":[90,111,176],"applicable":[92],"different":[94],"scenarios.":[95],"Second,":[96],"efficient":[98],"accurate":[100],"benefits":[112],"from":[113],"first-order":[115],"approximation":[116],"linear":[119],"modulation":[121],"kernel":[122],"function":[123],"a":[129],"series":[130],"improvement":[132],"measures":[133],"avoid":[135],"redundant":[136],"rotation":[137],"angle":[138],"calculation":[139],"proposed.":[141],"Finally,":[142],"spectrum":[144],"employed":[146],"after":[147],"achieve":[152],"diagnosis.":[154],"The":[155],"effectiveness":[156],"proposed":[159,178],"proven":[162],"by":[163],"wind":[165],"turbine":[166],"gearbox":[167],"data":[168],"collected":[169],"in":[170,186],"field.":[172],"Verification":[173],"results":[174],"show":[175],"superior":[181],"comparison":[184],"methods":[185],"terms":[187],"efficiency.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
