{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392397281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3372222","title":"Indirect Estimation of Breathing Rate Using Wearable Devices","display_name":"Indirect Estimation of Breathing Rate Using Wearable Devices","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392397281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3372222"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3372222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3372222","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10456913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10456913.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074662751","display_name":"Gloria Cosoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7982-208X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gloria Cosoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7982-208X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015594033","display_name":"Luca Antognoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5435-8516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Antognoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5435-8516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092394934","display_name":"Luna Panni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4007-2553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luna Panni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4007-2553","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008994816","display_name":"Lorenzo Scalise","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4728-3736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Scalise","raw_affiliation_strings":["Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4728-3736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074662751"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9881,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71397109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5970724821090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breathing","display_name":"Breathing","score":0.5696607232093811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48735031485557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.4634425938129425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2695657014846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.18359702825546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.0830325186252594}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5970724821090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39300077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9530","display_name":"Breathing","level":2,"score":0.5696607232093811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48735031485557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.4634425938129425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2695657014846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18359702825546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0830325186252594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3372222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3372222","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10456913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.univpm.it:11566/327752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11566/327752","pdf_url":"https://iris.univpm.it/bitstream/11566/327752/3/Indirect_Estimation_of_Breathing_Rate_Using_Wearable_Devices.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402571","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","host_organization_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniecampus.it:11389/58557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11389/58557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400077","display_name":"IRIS eCampus Telematic University (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi eCampus)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I167322064","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi eCampus","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167322064"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3372222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3372222","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10456913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311826","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320283","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321435","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321940","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322392","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323110","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324851","display_name":"Hebei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p884a79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326536","display_name":"Hefei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5rdf64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326666","display_name":"Beijing Information Science and Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326691","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328099","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328111","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392397281.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392397281.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971070778","https://openalex.org/W1980128087","https://openalex.org/W1984247069","https://openalex.org/W2079920798","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2549825072","https://openalex.org/W2759190050","https://openalex.org/W2889313473","https://openalex.org/W2911290716","https://openalex.org/W2917388343","https://openalex.org/W2939797706","https://openalex.org/W2951565129","https://openalex.org/W2973120781","https://openalex.org/W2985516443","https://openalex.org/W2999442387","https://openalex.org/W2999882202","https://openalex.org/W2999995229","https://openalex.org/W3102101168","https://openalex.org/W3106327490","https://openalex.org/W3113047117","https://openalex.org/W3134051733","https://openalex.org/W3156000119","https://openalex.org/W3169540871","https://openalex.org/W3185340747","https://openalex.org/W3196196805","https://openalex.org/W4206746409","https://openalex.org/W4220981110","https://openalex.org/W4221082989","https://openalex.org/W4226177171","https://openalex.org/W4283724440","https://openalex.org/W4292862542","https://openalex.org/W4297310198","https://openalex.org/W4386737848"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wearable":[0],"sensors":[1,119,136,229,242],"can":[2],"be":[3],"exploited":[4,111],"for":[5,23,35,44,112,169],"the":[6,105,113,126,134,149,153,158,170,189,200,209,218,222,228,235,241,247,251,257,264],"indirect":[7,60],"estimation":[8,61,86,150,154,161,190],"of":[9,58,155,184,250],"physiological":[10],"parameters,":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13],"Breathing":[14],"Rate":[15],"(BR).":[16],"Indeed,":[17],"BR":[18,59,156],"is":[19,167,178,221],"a":[20,72,79,181],"significative":[21],"quantity":[22],"both":[24,118,133],"general":[25],"health":[26],"status":[27],"monitoring":[28],"and":[29,41,78,99,121,143,269],"diagnostic":[30],"purposes;":[31],"however,":[32],"standard":[33],"methods":[34,87,271],"its":[36],"assessment":[37],"are":[38,137,194,272],"often":[39],"uncomfortable":[40],"mainly":[42],"used":[43],"punctual":[45],"(or":[46],"brief,":[47],"anyway)":[48],"measurements.":[49],"This":[50],"paper":[51],"aims":[52],"to":[53,199,227,240,256],"perform":[54],"an":[55],"uncertainty":[56,115,230,237,243],"analysis":[57],"made":[62],"starting":[63],"from":[64],"electrocardiographic":[65],"signals":[66],"gathered":[67],"through":[68],"wearable":[69],"sensors,":[70],"namely":[71],"cardiac":[73,171,252],"belt":[74,172,253],"(Zephyr":[75],"BioHarness":[76],"3.0)":[77],"smartwatch":[80,258],"(Samsung":[81],"Galaxy":[82],"Watch3).":[83],"Three":[84],"different":[85,160],"were":[88],"employed,":[89],"considering":[90],"respiratory":[91],"sinus":[92],"arrhythmia":[93],"(RSA),":[94],"signal":[95],"amplitude":[96],"modulation":[97],"(AM),":[98],"Machine":[100],"Learning":[101],"(ML)-based":[102],"techniques.":[103],"Finally,":[104],"Monte":[106,213],"Carlo":[107,214],"simulation":[108,215],"method":[109,220],"was":[110,259],"measurement":[114,127],"estimation,":[116],"including":[117],"(hardware)":[120],"algorithms":[122],"(software)":[123],"contributions":[124],"in":[125,152,207,234,244,263],"chain.":[128],"The":[129,212],"results":[130,193],"show":[131],"that":[132,217],"considered":[135],"quite":[138],"accurate":[139],"(almost":[140],"null":[141],"bias)":[142],"precise":[144],"(\u00b1[3-5]":[145],"bpm,":[146],"depending":[147,187],"on":[148,188],"method)":[151],"with":[157,180,225,238,254],"three":[159,210],"algorithms.":[162],"A":[163],"slightly":[164],"higher":[165,248],"precision":[166,249],"obtained":[168],"(a":[173],"reduced":[174],"95%":[175],"confidence":[176],"interval":[177],"reported,":[179],"maximum":[182],"reduction":[183],"4":[185],"bpm":[186,262],"algorithm),":[191],"whose":[192],"also":[195],"more":[196],"strongly":[197],"correlated":[198],"reference":[201],"ones":[202],"(Pearson\u2019s":[203],"correlation":[204],"coefficient":[205],"\u22650.75":[206],"all":[208],"methods).":[211],"evidenced":[216],"ML-based":[219],"most":[223],"robust":[224],"respect":[226,239,255],"(with":[231],"no":[232],"differences":[233],"output":[236,265],"input);":[245],"moreover,":[246],"confirmed":[260],"(-1":[261],"uncertainty)":[266],"if":[267],"RSA-":[268],"AM-based":[270],"considered.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}