{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390970491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3352712","title":"Multimode Sensing by Optical Whispering-Gallery-Mode Barcodes: A New Route to Expand Dynamic Range for High-Resolution Measurement","display_name":"Multimode Sensing by Optical Whispering-Gallery-Mode Barcodes: A New Route to Expand Dynamic Range for High-Resolution Measurement","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390970491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3352712","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40678274"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3352712","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3352712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12269905/pdf/nihms-2030581.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063590398","display_name":"Jie Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2333-1454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2333-1454","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100661258","display_name":"Lan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9052-0450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9052-0450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.276,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77241507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whispering-gallery-wave","display_name":"Whispering-gallery wave","score":0.7677004337310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.7319016456604004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-mode-optical-fiber","display_name":"Multi-mode optical fiber","score":0.7302945852279663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footprint","display_name":"Footprint","score":0.4604538083076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.45790836215019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4482842683792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4464885890483856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.44595152139663696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-resolution","display_name":"Temporal resolution","score":0.4103699326515198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3471786379814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.2810482382774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resonator","display_name":"Resonator","score":0.14007654786109924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77255779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7993947","display_name":"Whispering-gallery wave","level":3,"score":0.7677004337310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.7319016456604004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101645829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781857","display_name":"Multi-mode optical fiber","level":3,"score":0.7302945852279663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.4604538083076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.45790836215019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4482842683792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4464885890483856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.44595152139663696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119666444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5977280","display_name":"Temporal resolution","level":2,"score":0.4103699326515198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3471786379814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.2810482382774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.14007654786109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3352712","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3352712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40678274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40678274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12269905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12269905","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12269905/pdf/nihms-2030581.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12269905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12269905","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12269905/pdf/nihms-2030581.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8664740379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R21 EB030845","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309650","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00372qc85"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390970491.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390970491.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W271484748","https://openalex.org/W1976298469","https://openalex.org/W1985306026","https://openalex.org/W2015665105","https://openalex.org/W2038420319","https://openalex.org/W2058956644","https://openalex.org/W2059255935","https://openalex.org/W2070320789","https://openalex.org/W2077428168","https://openalex.org/W2110241304","https://openalex.org/W2122330294","https://openalex.org/W2124987981","https://openalex.org/W2145652936","https://openalex.org/W2151480728","https://openalex.org/W2153113428","https://openalex.org/W2225676346","https://openalex.org/W2230129526","https://openalex.org/W2330523769","https://openalex.org/W2508111572","https://openalex.org/W2519665710","https://openalex.org/W2798288649","https://openalex.org/W2912061121","https://openalex.org/W2921252675","https://openalex.org/W2962760001","https://openalex.org/W2988362367","https://openalex.org/W3002618175","https://openalex.org/W3100401700","https://openalex.org/W3127956929","https://openalex.org/W3200361606","https://openalex.org/W3215907455","https://openalex.org/W4226277481","https://openalex.org/W4289717336","https://openalex.org/W4293211783","https://openalex.org/W4315777469","https://openalex.org/W4379983894"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001467995","https://openalex.org/W1992746005","https://openalex.org/W4296934889","https://openalex.org/W3111635741","https://openalex.org/W2898718955","https://openalex.org/W2324592893","https://openalex.org/W2535179805","https://openalex.org/W2769540940","https://openalex.org/W2597867099","https://openalex.org/W1972008836"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sensors":[0],"play":[1],"a":[2,56,60,71,175,182],"vital":[3],"role":[4],"in":[5,55,153],"detecting":[6],"and":[7,15,43,128,136,147,155],"quantifying":[8],"various":[9],"parameters":[10],"relevant":[11],"to":[12],"the":[13,19,22,36,94,112,122,142,151,160,165,171],"physical":[14],"biochemical":[16],"aspects":[17],"of":[18,24,38,64,93,96,125,132,141],"world.":[20],"In":[21,66],"field":[23],"optical":[25,85],"sensing,":[26],"Whispering-Gallery-Mode":[27],"(WGM)":[28],"microresonators":[29],"have":[30,59],"emerged":[31],"as":[32],"promising":[33],"candidates,":[34],"offering":[35],"advantages":[37],"high":[39,41,108],"sensitivity,":[40],"resolution,":[42],"small":[44],"footprint.":[45],"However,":[46],"conventional":[47],"sensing":[48,134,146,149],"methods,":[49],"which":[50],"rely":[51],"on":[52,164],"tracking":[53,106],"changes":[54],"single":[57],"mode,":[58],"limited":[61],"dynamic":[62,129,156,185],"range":[63,157],"measurement.":[65],"this":[67],"study,":[68],"we":[69,120],"develop":[70],"theoretical":[72,123],"framework":[73],"that":[74,89,99],"offers":[75],"comprehensive":[76],"analytical":[77],"insights":[78],"for":[79,116,144,173],"multimode-sensing":[80],"techniques.":[81],"We":[82],"demonstrate":[83],"an":[84],"WGM":[86],"barcode":[87,161],"technique":[88,162],"enables":[90],"simultaneous":[91],"monitoring":[92],"patterns":[95],"multiple":[97],"modes":[98],"can":[100],"provide":[101],"over-FSR":[102],"(Free":[103],"spectral":[104],"range)":[105],"with":[107,178],"resolution.":[109],"By":[110],"analyzing":[111],"Cramer-Rao":[113],"bound":[114],"(CRB)":[115],"resonance":[117],"shift":[118],"estimation,":[119],"assess":[121],"limits":[124],"measurement":[126],"resolution":[127,154],"range,":[130],"independent":[131],"specific":[133],"system":[135],"estimation":[137],"algorithm.":[138],"Comparative":[139],"analysis":[140],"CRBs":[143],"single-mode":[145],"multimode":[148,166],"confirms":[150],"improvement":[152],"achievable":[158],"through":[159],"based":[163],"spectrum.":[167],"This":[168],"work":[169],"lays":[170],"foundation":[172],"developing":[174],"high-resolution":[176],"sensor":[177],"superior":[179],"sensitivity":[180],"across":[181],"drastically":[183],"expanded":[184],"range.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}