{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390481179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3348883","title":"Realization of a Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard With Short-Term Stability in 10<sup>\u221214</sup> <i>\u03c4</i> <sup>\u22121/2</sup> Level","display_name":"Realization of a Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard With Short-Term Stability in 10<sup>\u221214</sup> <i>\u03c4</i> <sup>\u22121/2</sup> Level","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390481179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3348883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3348883","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3348883","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10379164.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10379164.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066824360","display_name":"Jiaqi Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6867-7833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028574836","display_name":"Gang Ming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3656-6746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070564041","display_name":"F. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9353-5461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101796223","display_name":"Junyao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3132-7893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102884996","display_name":"Pengfei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4750-5392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014161531","display_name":"S.W. Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songbai Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101441283","display_name":"Feng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1734-7021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058480934","display_name":"Da Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6459-0820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Da Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085154180","display_name":"Ganghua Mei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1488-188X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganghua Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066824360"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3764,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9230941,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11414","display_name":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubidium","display_name":"Rubidium","score":0.768005907535553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-clock","display_name":"Atomic clock","score":0.6945669651031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5574811100959778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5176644921302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-chemistry","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","score":0.38191044330596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-physics","display_name":"Atomic physics","score":0.35908910632133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.21022143959999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.13885313272476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1136312186717987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526903357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q895","display_name":"Rubidium","level":3,"score":0.768005907535553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196597080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227467","display_name":"Atomic clock","level":2,"score":0.6945669651031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5574811100959778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5176644921302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.38191044330596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.35908910632133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.21022143959999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.13885313272476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1136312186717987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517785266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q703","display_name":"Potassium","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3348883","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3348883","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10379164.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3348883","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3348883","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10379164.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390481179.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390481179.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989035755","https://openalex.org/W2004193036","https://openalex.org/W2099404856","https://openalex.org/W2122096756","https://openalex.org/W2153370252","https://openalex.org/W2164332099","https://openalex.org/W2167914916","https://openalex.org/W2182976258","https://openalex.org/W2399000632","https://openalex.org/W2563899802","https://openalex.org/W2766672918","https://openalex.org/W2807067142","https://openalex.org/W3113268440","https://openalex.org/W4285166132","https://openalex.org/W4310170721","https://openalex.org/W4385724099","https://openalex.org/W6761924190"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1691715217","https://openalex.org/W2022852532","https://openalex.org/W3217738431","https://openalex.org/W2073945209","https://openalex.org/W4224037206","https://openalex.org/W2375578001","https://openalex.org/W1994118298","https://openalex.org/W1599486174","https://openalex.org/W2149257569","https://openalex.org/W3167736615"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lamp-pumped":[0],"rubidium":[1,77,112,157],"atomic":[2,13,126,170],"frequency":[3,14,23],"standard":[4],"(RAFS)":[5],"is":[6],"one":[7,32],"of":[8,72,118,164,168,177,183,202],"the":[9,17,21,30,36,56,67,73,83,89,125,135,142,156,165,169,174,178,181,184,203,254],"most":[10],"commonly":[11],"utilized":[12,122],"standards.":[15],"Over":[16],"past":[18],"few":[19],"decades,":[20],"RAFS\u2019s":[22],"stability":[24,54,182,201],"performance":[25],"has":[26,33],"improved":[27],"rapidly,":[28],"and":[29,100,110,173,212,233],"best":[31],"been":[34],"in":[35,55,251],"10":[37,57],"<sup":[38,42,58,62,191,195,222,226,235,239],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[39,43,59,63,192,196,223,227,236,240],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-13</sup>":[40],"\u03c4":[41,61,194,225,238],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-1/2</sup>":[44,64,197,228,241],"level.":[45],"In":[46,70],"this":[47],"article,":[48],"we":[49],"demonstrate":[50],"a":[51,76,111,116,209],"RAFS":[52,185,204],"with":[53,80,115,253],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-14</sup>":[60,193,224,237],"level":[65],"for":[66,134],"first":[68],"time.":[69],"design":[71],"physics":[74,136],"package,":[75],"spectral":[78],"lamp":[79],"Xe":[81],"as":[82,88,217],"starter":[84],"gas":[85],"was":[86,95,132,152,186,205],"used":[87],"pumping":[90],"light":[91,94],"source.":[92],"The":[93,199,247],"filtered":[96],"by":[97,207],"using":[98,208],"optical":[99,214],"isotope":[101],"double-filtering":[102],"technique.":[103],"A":[104,129,145],"large":[105],"slotted":[106],"tube":[107],"microwave":[108,151,215],"cavity":[109],"absorption":[113],"cell":[114],"diameter":[117],"40":[119],"mm":[120],"were":[121],"to":[123,138,154,188],"enhance":[124],"discrimination":[127,171],"signal.":[128],"sealed":[130],"box":[131],"designed":[133],"package":[137],"isolate":[139],"it":[140],"from":[141],"barometric":[143],"environment.":[144],"low":[146],"phase":[147,175],"noise":[148,176],"6.834xx":[149],"GHz":[150],"employed":[153],"interrogate":[155],"clock":[158],"transition.":[159],"Based":[160],"on":[161],"quantitative":[162],"analysis":[163],"signal-to-noise":[166],"ratio":[167],"signal":[172],"interrogation":[179],"microwave,":[180],"predicted":[187,255],"be":[189],"7.6\u00d710":[190],".":[198],"short-term":[200],"measured":[206,248],"hydrogen":[210],"maser":[211],"an":[213],"generator":[216],"references,":[218],"results":[219,249],"are":[220,250],"9.0\u00d710":[221],"(1":[229,242],"~":[230,243],"100":[231,244],"s)":[232,245],"9.1\u00d710":[234],"respectively.":[246],"agreement":[252],"one.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}