{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389880063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3342238","title":"A High-Resolution Image Reconstruction Method of Lung Nodules With B-Spline-Based Whale Optimization Algorithm (B-WOA) for Electrical Impedance Tomography","display_name":"A High-Resolution Image Reconstruction Method of Lung Nodules With B-Spline-Based Whale Optimization Algorithm (B-WOA) for Electrical Impedance Tomography","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389880063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3342238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3342238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3342238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100399859","display_name":"Kai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1538-2107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1538-2107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062877977","display_name":"Haijun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9411-9544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haijun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9411-9544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037838489","display_name":"Jiajuan Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0812-4987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajuan Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0812-4987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081573789","display_name":"Mengzhe Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8461-8396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengzhe Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8461-8396","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049386081","display_name":"Xuxiao Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5219-9507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuxiao Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5219-9507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058004272","display_name":"Jiabin Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5073-5126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiabin Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agile Tomography Group, School of Engineering, Institute for Digital Communications, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5073-5126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agile Tomography Group, School of Engineering, Institute for Digital Communications, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078327401","display_name":"Jiafeng Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6405-0512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiafeng Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6405-0512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100399859"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7665,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72167685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.8579999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.8579999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.7888000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance-tomography","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography","score":0.6818734407424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whale","display_name":"Whale","score":0.5830705165863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.5640257596969604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-reconstruction","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","score":0.49374493956565857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.48065268993377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/b-spline","display_name":"B-spline","score":0.46043556928634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.44928857684135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-algorithm","display_name":"Optimization algorithm","score":0.446668416261673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spline","display_name":"Spline (mechanical)","score":0.4385790228843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-resolution","display_name":"High resolution","score":0.4348060190677643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42577099800109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40298396348953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2679770588874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26062625646591187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21156316995620728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20639747381210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18616372346878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.18151643872261047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1422460973262787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1076037585735321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.09738636016845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.09057369828224182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.08408516645431519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155175808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326472","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography","level":3,"score":0.6818734407424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777704720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1865281","display_name":"Whale","level":2,"score":0.5830705165863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.5640257596969604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.49374493956565857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.48065268993377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15945459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2083109","display_name":"B-spline","level":2,"score":0.46043556928634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.44928857684135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987595161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Optimization algorithm","level":2,"score":0.446668416261673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10390562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581809","display_name":"Spline (mechanical)","level":2,"score":0.4385790228843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"High resolution","level":2,"score":0.4348060190677643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42577099800109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40298396348953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2679770588874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26062625646591187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21156316995620728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20639747381210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18616372346878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.18151643872261047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1422460973262787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1076037585735321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.09738636016845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.09057369828224182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.08408516645431519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3342238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3342238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1989068528","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071224","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4582066578","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271251","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7074157285","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NG2022002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1941378052","https://openalex.org/W2049787413","https://openalex.org/W2059825949","https://openalex.org/W2062811802","https://openalex.org/W2121514123","https://openalex.org/W2129663164","https://openalex.org/W2164160732","https://openalex.org/W2290883490","https://openalex.org/W2357285807","https://openalex.org/W2531530390","https://openalex.org/W2617735598","https://openalex.org/W2767248316","https://openalex.org/W2793037500","https://openalex.org/W2889646458","https://openalex.org/W2909146010","https://openalex.org/W2911413824","https://openalex.org/W2915804716","https://openalex.org/W2987788642","https://openalex.org/W3011866047","https://openalex.org/W3045604372","https://openalex.org/W3080293160","https://openalex.org/W3084417902","https://openalex.org/W3119005666","https://openalex.org/W3119900676","https://openalex.org/W3128646645","https://openalex.org/W3134934271","https://openalex.org/W3147142721","https://openalex.org/W4205451791","https://openalex.org/W4211247839","https://openalex.org/W4401103201","https://openalex.org/W6990356436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3007853953","https://openalex.org/W4392005006","https://openalex.org/W2965460829","https://openalex.org/W3134238053","https://openalex.org/W2884189257","https://openalex.org/W4360927395","https://openalex.org/W2131662362","https://openalex.org/W4391744744","https://openalex.org/W4220935932","https://openalex.org/W4395673484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"B-spline-based":[1],"Whale":[2],"Optimization":[3],"Algorithm":[4],"(B-WOA)":[5],"is":[6,57,73,106,216],"proposed":[7,136,203],"to":[8,133,145,218],"realize":[9],"a":[10],"high-resolution":[11,207],"electrical":[12],"impedance":[13],"tomography":[14],"(EIT)":[15],"image":[16,55,95],"reconstruction":[17,56],"of":[18,64,93,99,128,140,153,179,209,212,225],"lung":[19,53,82,129,148,226],"nodules.":[20,227],"The":[21,62,85,151,170],"method":[22],"achieves":[23],"the":[24,27,31,35,40,45,52,60,79,90,94,100,104,112,120,135,147,154,156,161,166,175,180,184,193,198,202,210,222],"mapping":[25],"between":[26],"target":[28],"position":[29],"and":[30,38,69,160,190,197],"conductivity":[32],"distribution":[33,211],"by":[34,44,59,75,108,188],"B-spline":[36],"curve":[37],"establishes":[39],"optimized":[41],"objective":[42],"function":[43],"sensitivity":[46],"matrix":[47],"method,":[48],"based":[49],"on":[50],"which":[51,116,215],"nodule":[54,83,149],"realized":[58],"WOA.":[61],"quality":[63],"images":[65,102,182],"reconstructed":[66,101,181],"using":[67,103,183],"WOA":[68,105,185],"three":[70],"conventional":[71],"algorithms":[72],"compared":[74,110],"numerical":[76],"simulation":[77,86],"in":[78,165],"randomly":[80],"generated":[81],"model.":[84],"results":[87,172],"show":[88,173],"that":[89,174],"average":[91,176],"value":[92],"correlation":[96],"coefficient":[97],"(ICC)":[98],"improved":[107,187],"4.8%":[109],"with":[111],"Tikhonov":[113,157,194],"regularization":[114,158,195],"algorithm,":[115,159],"performs":[117],"best":[118],"among":[119],"traditional":[121],"algorithms.":[122],"In":[123],"addition,":[124],"an":[125],"experimental":[126,171],"model":[127],"nodules":[130],"was":[131],"established":[132],"validate":[134],"method.":[137],"Biological":[138],"tissues":[139],"different":[141],"diameters":[142],"were":[143,163],"used":[144,220],"simulate":[146],"region.":[150],"performance":[152],"WOA,":[155],"GA":[162],"investigated":[164],"dual-target":[167],"imaging":[168,208],"experiment.":[169],"ICC":[177],"values":[178],"are":[186],"4.7%":[189],"3.5%":[191],"over":[192],"algorithm":[196],"GA,":[199],"respectively.":[200],"Therefore,":[201],"B-WOA":[204],"can":[205],"achieve":[206],"tiny":[213],"targets,":[214],"expected":[217],"be":[219],"for":[221],"clinical":[223],"detection":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}