{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389542830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3341119","title":"A 64 \u00d7 64 Pixel Image Sensor With Gain-Configurable Photodiodes and Combined Subrange Method","display_name":"A 64 \u00d7 64 Pixel Image Sensor With Gain-Configurable Photodiodes and Combined Subrange Method","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389542830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3341119"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3341119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3341119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091714709","display_name":"Jiaji Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9895-4958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaji Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9895-4958","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083905619","display_name":"Jin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9012-5648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9012-5648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355682","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6981-0974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6981-0974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019762369","display_name":"Xiayu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-6745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiayu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-6745","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407397","display_name":"Dong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0368-3017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0368-3017","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101551876","display_name":"Rui Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5015-4989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5015-4989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039575274","display_name":"Zhangming Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-1928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangming Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-1928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (Ministry of Education), School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4646,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63400714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9706000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodiode","display_name":"Photodiode","score":0.8107313513755798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6639477610588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.5861185193061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.542833685874939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.37868303060531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3713657259941101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3591007590293884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3565657138824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3125283718109131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17540931701660156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C751236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175943","display_name":"Photodiode","level":2,"score":0.8107313513755798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6639477610588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.5861185193061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.542833685874939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.37868303060531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3713657259941101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3591007590293884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3565657138824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3125283718109131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17540931701660156}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3341119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3341119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2320218852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62021004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G381132189","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJS221111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5027600272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJS221107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5562180857","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62204181","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5835419152","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJS221108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8143267057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62204182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8433157646","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62134005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8813927420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62204184","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323230","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045528440","https://openalex.org/W2053286848","https://openalex.org/W2080452423","https://openalex.org/W2196753883","https://openalex.org/W2290854562","https://openalex.org/W2571040814","https://openalex.org/W2784060593","https://openalex.org/W2790853419","https://openalex.org/W2796557786","https://openalex.org/W2800360818","https://openalex.org/W2884239713","https://openalex.org/W2899200811","https://openalex.org/W2902947020","https://openalex.org/W2921202713","https://openalex.org/W2946304063","https://openalex.org/W2954751624","https://openalex.org/W2966262693","https://openalex.org/W2980839101","https://openalex.org/W2989827998","https://openalex.org/W2995852770","https://openalex.org/W3042788182","https://openalex.org/W3088800423","https://openalex.org/W3111859331","https://openalex.org/W3165932260","https://openalex.org/W4220916359","https://openalex.org/W4293182727","https://openalex.org/W4296339279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983441360","https://openalex.org/W1979129154","https://openalex.org/W2331008491","https://openalex.org/W2070094114","https://openalex.org/W2553467462","https://openalex.org/W2541418790","https://openalex.org/W2125775971","https://openalex.org/W2106574814","https://openalex.org/W4292774867","https://openalex.org/W2803119265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"describes":[2],"a":[3,107],"<inline-formula":[4],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[5],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[6],"<tex-math":[7],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$64":[8],"\\times":[9],"64$":[10],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[11],"pixel":[12],"image":[13,71],"sensor":[14,34,68,88],"with":[15],"gain-configurable":[16],"photodiodes":[17],"and":[18,38,45,55,83,91],"combined":[19],"subrange":[20],"(SR)":[21],"method.":[22],"A":[23,50],"136-dB":[24],"optical":[25],"dynamic":[26],"range":[27],"(DR)":[28],"is":[29,61,89],"obtained":[30],"by":[31],"switching":[32],"the":[33,67,77,87,93],"between":[35],"low-gain":[36],"(LG)":[37],"high-gain":[39],"(HG)":[40],"modes":[41],"for":[42,97],"high-light":[43],"intensity":[44,47],"low-light":[46],"environment,":[48],"respectively.":[49],"method":[51],"combining":[52],"SR":[53],"technique":[54],"single-slope":[56],"analog-to-digital":[57],"converter":[58,95],"(SS-ADC)":[59],"circuit":[60],"proposed.":[62],"Based":[63],"on":[64],"this":[65],"method,":[66],"can":[69,113],"simultaneously":[70],"in":[72],"3-D":[73],"(20":[74],"m":[75],"at":[76,104],"light":[78],"environment":[79],"of":[80,110],"15.8":[81],"klux)":[82],"2-D.":[84],"In":[85],"addition,":[86],"compact":[90],"omits":[92],"time-to-digital":[94],"(TDC)":[96],"distance":[98],"detection.":[99],"With":[100],"64":[101],"I/Os":[102],"operating":[103],"500":[105],"MHz,":[106],"frame":[108],"rate":[109],"58":[111],"frames/s":[112],"be":[114],"attained.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}