{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389252383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3338713","title":"A Unified Deep Learning Framework for Smartphone-Enabled ADHD Detection","display_name":"A Unified Deep Learning Framework for Smartphone-Enabled ADHD Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389252383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3338713"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3338713","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3338713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073211830","display_name":"S. Mandal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5839-7325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132153292","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Patna","ror":"https://ror.org/01ft5vz71","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132153292"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayantika Mandal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5839-7325","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132153292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103063293","display_name":"G. Pradeep Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1257-1938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26604189","display_name":"Shiv Nadar University","ror":"https://ror.org/05aqahr97","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26604189"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Pradeep Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1257-1938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26604189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044049655","display_name":"Manali Saini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26604189","display_name":"Shiv Nadar University","ror":"https://ror.org/05aqahr97","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26604189"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manali Saini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5085-6822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26604189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056883826","display_name":"Udit Satija","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-765X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132153292","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Patna","ror":"https://ror.org/01ft5vz71","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132153292"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Udit Satija","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-765X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132153292"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041390080","display_name":"Yogesh Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9712-4290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129734738","display_name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur","ror":"https://ror.org/02ys8pq62","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129734738"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106490","display_name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal","ror":"https://ror.org/01rs0zz87","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63739035","display_name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02dwcqs71","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210148677","https://openalex.org/I63739035"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yogesh Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Patna, Patna, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9712-4290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Patna, Patna, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129734738","https://openalex.org/I4210106490","https://openalex.org/I63739035"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8134,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85565615,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9361000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6451048254966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6160614490509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6049227714538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder","display_name":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","score":0.5748822093009949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.574433445930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.56849604845047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5512757897377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5414824485778809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4877215325832367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.43191924691200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14014145731925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.09961682558059692}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6451048254966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6160614490509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6049227714538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780783007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181923","display_name":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","level":2,"score":0.5748822093009949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.574433445930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.56849604845047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5512757897377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5414824485778809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4877215325832367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.43191924691200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14014145731925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.09961682558059692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3338713","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3338713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6029618250","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ICMR/ISRM/12(89)/2020/2020-3701","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320720","funder_display_name":"Indian Council of Medical Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320720","display_name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0492wrx28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1034159276","https://openalex.org/W1881197158","https://openalex.org/W1976262065","https://openalex.org/W1983030849","https://openalex.org/W1996233863","https://openalex.org/W2014815833","https://openalex.org/W2018795731","https://openalex.org/W2026994268","https://openalex.org/W2042891941","https://openalex.org/W2087147267","https://openalex.org/W2120093887","https://openalex.org/W2328003435","https://openalex.org/W2420049378","https://openalex.org/W2424782950","https://openalex.org/W2537958669","https://openalex.org/W2587967768","https://openalex.org/W2597701414","https://openalex.org/W2805710794","https://openalex.org/W2903486342","https://openalex.org/W2944352397","https://openalex.org/W2944944151","https://openalex.org/W2962834855","https://openalex.org/W2963261317","https://openalex.org/W2970436523","https://openalex.org/W2974185840","https://openalex.org/W2974827766","https://openalex.org/W2999521969","https://openalex.org/W3004193878","https://openalex.org/W3015167235","https://openalex.org/W3016163744","https://openalex.org/W3039648615","https://openalex.org/W3083067908","https://openalex.org/W3114439434","https://openalex.org/W3119714845","https://openalex.org/W3126085817","https://openalex.org/W3198146315","https://openalex.org/W4206011500","https://openalex.org/W4206157766","https://openalex.org/W4210868295","https://openalex.org/W4221090136","https://openalex.org/W4226061709","https://openalex.org/W4312623099","https://openalex.org/W4313229732","https://openalex.org/W6749897870"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W4378874356","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W2369811061","https://openalex.org/W3089997100"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Attention-deficit":[0],"hyperactivity":[1],"disorder":[2],"(ADHD)":[3],"is":[4,30],"a":[5,23,88,163],"persistent":[6],"condition":[7],"with":[8,54,68,107,162,197],"repeated":[9],"issues,":[10],"such":[11,64],"as":[12],"difficulty":[13],"maintaining":[14],"attention,":[15],"impetuous":[16],"behavior,":[17],"and":[18,37,57,98,113,148,168,182],"hyperactivity.":[19],"It":[20],"severely":[21],"impacts":[22],"considerable":[24],"population":[25],"of":[26,39,71,82,96,111,133,151,165,173,200,213],"children.":[27],"Therefore,":[28],"it":[29],"crucial":[31],"to":[32,78,186],"focus":[33],"on":[34,102,160],"early":[35],"detection":[36,95],"treatment":[38],"ADHD.":[40],"Few":[41],"recent":[42],"studies":[43,65,135],"utilize":[44],"electroencephalogram":[45],"(EEG)":[46],"measurements":[47,117],"acquired":[48],"during":[49],"distinct":[50],"cognitive":[51],"graphics":[52],"along":[53],"machine":[55],"learning":[56,59],"deep":[58,89],"for":[60,93,115,176],"its":[61,99,192],"detection.":[62],"However,":[63],"are":[66],"limited":[67],"the":[69,94,108,124,146,152,187,198,210],"availability":[70],"only":[72],"two":[73,119],"public":[74,120],"EEG":[75,116,178],"measurement":[76],"datasets":[77,121],"date.":[79],"In":[80],"view":[81],"these":[83,184],"aspects,":[84],"this":[85],"work":[86],"proposes":[87],"learning-based":[90],"unified":[91],"framework":[92,156],"ADHD":[97,202],"real-time":[100,195],"deployment":[101],"smartphones.":[103],"Extensive":[104],"performance":[105],"assessment":[106],"average":[109],"accuracies":[110],"99.02%":[112],"98.60%":[114],"in":[118,136,194],"suggests":[122],"that":[123],"proposed":[125,153],"approach":[126],"can":[127],"be":[128],"more":[129],"accurate":[130],"than":[131],"those":[132],"prior":[134],"some":[137],"cases.":[138],"Robustness":[139],"analysis":[140],"using":[141],"inter-dataset":[142],"signals":[143,159],"further":[144],"demonstrates":[145,191],"effectiveness":[147],"cost":[149,212],"efficiency":[150],"framework.":[154],"The":[155],"predicts":[157],"ADHD/non-ADHD":[158,181],"smartphone":[161],"latency":[164],"67":[166],"ms":[167],"utilizes":[169],"an":[170],"overall":[171],"energy":[172],"82.50":[174],"mWh":[175],"processing":[177],"measurements,":[179],"detecting":[180],"communicating":[183],"details":[185],"medical":[188],"server.":[189],"This":[190],"feasibility":[193],"environment":[196],"facility":[199],"tracking":[201],"progression":[203],"by":[204],"subjects":[205],"toward":[206],"self-assessment,":[207],"thereby":[208],"decreasing":[209],"transportation":[211],"frequent":[214],"clinical":[215],"sessions.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}