{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389104597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3336448","title":"Measuring Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density in the Blue and Red Spectrum for Horticultural Lighting Using Machine Learning Methods","display_name":"Measuring Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density in the Blue and Red Spectrum for Horticultural Lighting Using Machine Learning Methods","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389104597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3336448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3336448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3336448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005637686","display_name":"Afagh Mohagheghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6386-7803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afagh Mohagheghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6386-7803","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031639432","display_name":"Mehrdad Moallem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4700-7026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrdad Moallem","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4700-7026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8536,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73231695,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9679999947547913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daylight","display_name":"Daylight","score":0.7552615404129028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectroradiometer","display_name":"Spectroradiometer","score":0.6640826463699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.49954891204833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daylighting","display_name":"Daylighting","score":0.4447348117828369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-intensity","display_name":"Light intensity","score":0.4425092339515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting","display_name":"Photon counting","score":0.4154726564884186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.40313953161239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3901048004627228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.38566112518310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.36999887228012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32238930463790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.31173229217529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2681657075881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.17115575075149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10949406027793884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149277555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16491","display_name":"Daylight","level":2,"score":0.7552615404129028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130066347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680509","display_name":"Spectroradiometer","level":3,"score":0.6640826463699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.49954891204833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13384339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54316","display_name":"Daylighting","level":2,"score":0.4447348117828369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020368824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6546192","display_name":"Light intensity","level":2,"score":0.4425092339515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.4154726564884186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.40313953161239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3901048004627228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.38566112518310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.36999887228012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32238930463790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.31173229217529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2681657075881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17115575075149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10949406027793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3336448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3336448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88558853","https://openalex.org/W1024180865","https://openalex.org/W1984136496","https://openalex.org/W2029345946","https://openalex.org/W2052717035","https://openalex.org/W2091959640","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2102693574","https://openalex.org/W2111315339","https://openalex.org/W2147570569","https://openalex.org/W2345397987","https://openalex.org/W2399801366","https://openalex.org/W2403082824","https://openalex.org/W2550526662","https://openalex.org/W2560377037","https://openalex.org/W2590571512","https://openalex.org/W2890362696","https://openalex.org/W2930920368","https://openalex.org/W2942572477","https://openalex.org/W2963122641","https://openalex.org/W3014405540","https://openalex.org/W3035754009","https://openalex.org/W3041457592","https://openalex.org/W3090722759","https://openalex.org/W3096436599","https://openalex.org/W3125371467","https://openalex.org/W3137552969","https://openalex.org/W3138450202","https://openalex.org/W3157340481","https://openalex.org/W3161323496","https://openalex.org/W4205383502","https://openalex.org/W4206962943","https://openalex.org/W4210968171","https://openalex.org/W4292998372","https://openalex.org/W4319996402","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982144855","https://openalex.org/W1963734886","https://openalex.org/W2078316460","https://openalex.org/W3001765921","https://openalex.org/W1555928261","https://openalex.org/W585311545","https://openalex.org/W2077804945","https://openalex.org/W2007807366","https://openalex.org/W138160485","https://openalex.org/W2075049290"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,40,84,115,133,144],"a":[5,26,65,163,174,179,203],"low-cost":[6],"sensor":[7,69,78,93,169],"to":[8,17,90,126,186],"measure":[9],"the":[10,47,92,97,101,137,166,196,226,232],"light":[11,28,68,190,200,212],"intensity":[12],"for":[13,31,79,95,117,148,159],"plant":[14],"growth,":[15],"referred":[16],"as":[18],"photosynthetic":[19],"photon":[20],"flux":[21],"density":[22],"(PPFD),":[23],"which":[24,154],"is":[25,38,70,88],"quantum":[27],"measurement":[29],"unit":[30],"horticultural":[32],"LED":[33,44],"lighting.":[34],"The":[35,182],"total":[36],"PPFD":[37,168],"comprised":[39],"daylight":[41],"and":[42,49,58,104,119,146,150,188,198,228],"supplemental":[43,189],"lights":[45],"in":[46,129,195],"red":[48,118,149,199,229],"blue":[50,120,151,197,227],"photosynthesis":[51],"wavebands":[52],"with":[53,73,216],"peak":[54],"wavelengths":[55],"at":[56],"660":[57],"457":[59],"nm,":[60],"respectively.":[61],"To":[62],"this":[63],"end,":[64],"multiwaveband":[66],"spectral":[67],"utilized":[71],"along":[72],"an":[74],"accurate":[75],"spectroradiometer":[76],"reference":[77],"calibration.":[80],"A":[81],"comparative":[82],"study":[83],"machine":[85],"learning-based":[86],"methods":[87],"presented":[89],"obtain":[91],"coefficients":[94],"measuring":[96],"PPFD,":[98],"indicating":[99],"that":[100,210],"decision":[102],"tree":[103],"random":[105],"forest":[106],"models":[107],"exhibit":[108],"low":[109],"mean":[110],"absolute":[111],"percentage":[112],"errors":[113,221],"(MAPEs)":[114],"0.01%\u20130.88%":[116],"channels,":[121,152],"respectively;":[122],"but":[123],"may":[124,155],"lead":[125],"data":[127],"over-fitting":[128],"real-time":[130,160],"applications":[131],"because":[132],"their":[134],"complexity.":[135],"However,":[136],"simple":[138],"multilinear":[139],"regression":[140],"method":[141],"yields":[142],"MAPEs":[143],"0.98%":[145],"0.84%":[147],"respectively,":[153],"be":[156,223],"better":[157],"suited":[158],"applications.":[161],"As":[162],"use-case":[164],"scenario,":[165],"calibrated":[167,233],"was":[170,184],"experimentally":[171],"tested":[172],"on":[173,225],"hydroponic":[175],"testbed":[176],"located":[177],"inside":[178],"greenhouse":[180],"facility.":[181],"system":[183],"exposed":[185],"natural":[187],"emitting":[191],"diode":[192],"(LED)":[193],"lighting,":[194],"spectra,":[201],"under":[202],"daylighting":[204],"feedback":[205],"control":[206],"scheme.":[207],"Experiments":[208],"demonstrate":[209],"daily":[211],"integral":[213],"(DLI)":[214],"values":[215],"less":[217],"than":[218],"20%":[219],"tracking":[220],"can":[222],"achieved":[224],"channels":[230],"using":[231],"sensors.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}