{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387986439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3324683","title":"Multisensor Fusion for Railway Irregularity Inspection System: Integration of RTK GNSS, MEMS IMU, Odometer, and Laser","display_name":"Multisensor Fusion for Railway Irregularity Inspection System: Integration of RTK GNSS, MEMS IMU, Odometer, and Laser","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387986439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3324683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3324683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3324683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101752493","display_name":"Yongjiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9247-573X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9247-573X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055241681","display_name":"Qile Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3957-6376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qile Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3957-6376","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076868082","display_name":"Jing Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4709-9733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4709-9733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028269176","display_name":"Rongxin Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8746-9650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongxin Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8746-9650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088899130","display_name":"Jiawei Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2198-5657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2198-5657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8048,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83593034,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/odometer","display_name":"Odometer","score":0.971866250038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8437743782997131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.8025981187820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-navigation-system","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","score":0.6438066363334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5338517427444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unavailability","display_name":"Unavailability","score":0.51933753490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5100505948066711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.5063940286636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.458322674036026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-kinematic","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","score":0.4353395104408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.40787824988365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3844712972640991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.329940527677536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3173863887786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2480238974094391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-frame-of-reference","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","score":0.15466630458831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.1169126033782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10710367560386658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07302731275558472}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93717769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745105","display_name":"Odometer","level":2,"score":0.971866250038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8437743782997131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.8025981187820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128651787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570607","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","level":3,"score":0.6438066363334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5338517427444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780505938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093282","display_name":"Unavailability","level":2,"score":0.51933753490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5100505948066711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.5063940286636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.458322674036026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93103318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980965","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","level":4,"score":0.4353395104408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.40787824988365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3844712972640991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.329940527677536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3173863887786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2480238974094391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173386949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.15466630458831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.1169126033782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10710367560386658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07302731275558472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3324683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3324683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3804111321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42030109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1676529054","https://openalex.org/W1983599277","https://openalex.org/W2093866765","https://openalex.org/W2150102020","https://openalex.org/W2291985881","https://openalex.org/W2550760450","https://openalex.org/W2787008709","https://openalex.org/W2896000943","https://openalex.org/W2915794727","https://openalex.org/W2921720930","https://openalex.org/W2971892512","https://openalex.org/W2975522466","https://openalex.org/W2980242990","https://openalex.org/W2981545595","https://openalex.org/W3009814859","https://openalex.org/W3012023943","https://openalex.org/W3017679911","https://openalex.org/W3021272849","https://openalex.org/W3021878162","https://openalex.org/W3029142183","https://openalex.org/W3034861670","https://openalex.org/W3043258403","https://openalex.org/W3107894966","https://openalex.org/W3123166600","https://openalex.org/W3132201696","https://openalex.org/W3155101279","https://openalex.org/W3186176335","https://openalex.org/W3196930002","https://openalex.org/W3199483764","https://openalex.org/W3208585541","https://openalex.org/W4205364439","https://openalex.org/W4210404494","https://openalex.org/W4210768935","https://openalex.org/W4225905184","https://openalex.org/W4281381410","https://openalex.org/W4285120312","https://openalex.org/W4285226233","https://openalex.org/W4292338335","https://openalex.org/W4293173838","https://openalex.org/W4311165328","https://openalex.org/W4320000121","https://openalex.org/W4378364813"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038430283","https://openalex.org/W2952426663","https://openalex.org/W4309766231","https://openalex.org/W4205459552","https://openalex.org/W3005570398","https://openalex.org/W3044239796","https://openalex.org/W2356818805","https://openalex.org/W4236994605","https://openalex.org/W2538450875","https://openalex.org/W4388103243"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,116,140,174],"accurate":[1],"assessment":[2],"of":[3,22,113,119,142,170,187,196,230],"railway":[4,171,181,231,239],"irregularities":[5,182],"plays":[6],"a":[7,88,95,127,193,223,234],"pivotal":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,19],"ensuring":[11],"both":[12],"operational":[13,67],"safety":[14],"and":[15,136,160,168,202,213],"passenger":[16],"comfort,":[17],"especially":[18],"the":[20,48,55,111,166,184,188,227,238],"context":[21],"high-speed":[23],"railways.":[24],"Traditional":[25],"static":[26],"methods":[27],"for":[28,205,226,237],"monitoring":[29],"these":[30],"irregularities,":[31,212,215,232],"such":[32],"as":[33,222],"absolute":[34],"measurement":[35,52,78,194],"trolley":[36],"systems":[37,53],"relying":[38],"on":[39,180],"total":[40],"stations,":[41],"have":[42],"proven":[43],"to":[44,103],"be":[45],"inefficient.":[46],"On":[47],"other":[49],"hand,":[50],"relative":[51,96],"like":[54],"global":[56],"navigation":[57,60],"satellite":[58],"system/inertial":[59],"system":[61,92,121,131],"(GNSS/INS)":[62],"integrated":[63],"concept":[64],"offer":[65],"high":[66],"efficiency":[68,167],"but":[69],"come":[70],"with":[71,75],"substantial":[72],"costs":[73],"associated":[74],"navigation-grade":[76],"inertial":[77],"unit":[79],"(IMU)":[80],"systems.":[81],"In":[82],"this":[83,120],"research":[84],"endeavor,":[85],"we":[86],"introduce":[87],"novel":[89],"multisensor":[90],"fusion":[91],"centered":[93],"around":[94],"inspection":[97],"trolley.":[98],"This":[99],"innovative":[100],"approach":[101],"serves":[102],"significantly":[104],"reduce":[105],"equipment":[106],"expenditures":[107],"while":[108],"simultaneously":[109],"elevating":[110],"accuracy":[112],"irregularity":[114,172],"detection.":[115],"core":[117],"components":[118],"comprise":[122],"real-time":[123],"kinematic":[124],"(RTK)":[125],"GNSS,":[126],"cost-effective":[128],"micro-electric":[129],"mechanical":[130],"(MEMS)":[132],"IMU,":[133],"an":[134],"odometer,":[135],"two":[137],"laser":[138],"modules.":[139],"integration":[141],"various":[143],"advanced":[144],"techniques,":[145],"including":[146],"zero":[147],"velocity":[148],"update":[149],"(ZUPT),":[150],"Ranch-Tung-Striebel":[151],"smoother":[152],"(RTS),":[153],"nonholonomic":[154],"constraint":[155],"(NHC),":[156],"odometer":[157],"calibration":[158],"(OC),":[159],"prior":[161],"knowledge":[162],"(PK),":[163],"collectively":[164],"enhances":[165],"precision":[169,195],"measurements.":[173],"results":[175],"obtained":[176],"from":[177],"extensive":[178],"testing":[179],"demonstrate":[183],"remarkable":[185],"capabilities":[186],"proposed":[189],"system.":[190],"It":[191],"exhibits":[192],"approximately":[197],"0.2,":[198],"1.0,":[199],"0.7,":[200],"0.5,":[201],"0.5":[203],"mm":[204],"rail":[206],"gauge,":[207],"cross":[208],"level,":[209],"twist,":[210],"vertical":[211],"lateral":[214],"respectively.":[216],"Consequently,":[217],"our":[218],"suggested":[219],"technique":[220],"stands":[221],"compelling":[224,235],"choice":[225],"precise":[228],"quantification":[229],"offering":[233],"solution":[236],"industry.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}