{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386025660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3306822","title":"Radio-Frequency Identification for Drones With Nonstandard Waveforms Using Deep Learning","display_name":"Radio-Frequency Identification for Drones With Nonstandard Waveforms Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386025660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3306822"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3306822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3306822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010203669","display_name":"Chaozheng Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4479-3201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaozheng Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4479-3201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440801","display_name":"Tao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9968-2993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017026695","display_name":"Yongzhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2142-6652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongzhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2142-6652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029601945","display_name":"Yuhan Ruan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4278-5662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhan Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4278-5662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100421972","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9130-5739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9130-5739","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077149719","display_name":"Octavia A. Dobre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-0512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Octavia A. Dobre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John’s, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-0512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John’s, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3311,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93372918,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.9105164408683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6643580794334412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.5507553219795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.54289311170578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.533397912979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5002191066741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4434088468551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.4185272455215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38546255230903625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.380584716796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.35506725311279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26721540093421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19152283668518066}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.9105164408683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6643580794334412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.5507553219795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.54289311170578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.533397912979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5002191066741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4434088468551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4185272455215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38546255230903625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.380584716796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35506725311279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26721540093421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19152283668518066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3306822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3306822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5248293312","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJS220116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6931791183","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YJSJ23012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323230","funder_display_name":"Xidian University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323230","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155441809","https://openalex.org/W2304380770","https://openalex.org/W2609800471","https://openalex.org/W2625718276","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2800229517","https://openalex.org/W2801173680","https://openalex.org/W2890485850","https://openalex.org/W2904220545","https://openalex.org/W2916832800","https://openalex.org/W2938008965","https://openalex.org/W2944086006","https://openalex.org/W2964138953","https://openalex.org/W2976792973","https://openalex.org/W2994635693","https://openalex.org/W2999467118","https://openalex.org/W3010610756","https://openalex.org/W3015448029","https://openalex.org/W3019771188","https://openalex.org/W3024044210","https://openalex.org/W3025996032","https://openalex.org/W3047279638","https://openalex.org/W3086142756","https://openalex.org/W3094147817","https://openalex.org/W3094175236","https://openalex.org/W3100201096","https://openalex.org/W3106557886","https://openalex.org/W3110399444","https://openalex.org/W3123967911","https://openalex.org/W3130956448","https://openalex.org/W3136235398","https://openalex.org/W3162073908","https://openalex.org/W3168560243","https://openalex.org/W3181667991","https://openalex.org/W3186636284","https://openalex.org/W3191940264","https://openalex.org/W3201410451","https://openalex.org/W3202931891","https://openalex.org/W3210727143","https://openalex.org/W4205170270","https://openalex.org/W4205457387","https://openalex.org/W4205528167","https://openalex.org/W4206755831","https://openalex.org/W4214569028","https://openalex.org/W4226255312","https://openalex.org/W4284882110","https://openalex.org/W4285024197","https://openalex.org/W4315630318","https://openalex.org/W6738884980","https://openalex.org/W6783757382"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229448053","https://openalex.org/W2059768187","https://openalex.org/W4247925126","https://openalex.org/W4312858960","https://openalex.org/W4386036939","https://openalex.org/W4327774218","https://openalex.org/W3206445629","https://openalex.org/W2605096541","https://openalex.org/W3200286695","https://openalex.org/W4379143281"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Identifying":[0],"non-cooperative":[1],"drones":[2,48,175],"has":[3,18],"attracted":[4],"much":[5],"attentions":[6],"in":[7,54,122,176],"recent":[8],"years,":[9],"which":[10,202],"is":[11,25,89,120,138,197],"critical":[12],"to":[13,28,35,69,91,93,140,170],"public":[14],"safety.":[15],"Extensive":[16],"research":[17],"demonstrated":[19],"that":[20],"state-of-the-art":[21],"deep":[22],"learning":[23,118],"(DL)":[24],"well":[26],"suited":[27],"address":[29],"this":[30],"problem.":[31],"This":[32],"paper":[33],"aims":[34],"improve":[36],"the":[37,40,58,63,70,74,94,101,184,187,194,209],"performance":[38],"of":[39,65,76,98,103,124,131,174,186,206],"DL-based":[41],"radio":[42,165],"frequency":[43,84],"identification":[44],"(RFI)":[45],"systems":[46],"for":[47,199],"considering":[49],"some":[50],"major":[51],"challenges":[52],"faced":[53],"practical":[55],"applications,":[56],"including":[57,149],"unknown":[59],"drone":[60,66,105,200],"operating":[61,96],"channels,":[62],"applicability":[64,102],"signal":[67,106,110],"representations":[68,107],"DL":[71,114],"models,":[72],"and":[73,87,112,129,155,213],"variation":[75],"wireless":[77,179],"channels.":[78],"Firstly,":[79],"a":[80,134,162,177],"morphological-filtering":[81],"based":[82,167],"carrier":[83],"offset":[85],"estimation":[86],"compensation":[88],"proposed":[90,139,188],"adapt":[92],"switchable":[95],"channel":[97,147],"drones.":[99],"Secondly,":[100],"typical":[104,113],"revealing":[108],"different":[109,117],"features":[111],"models":[115],"possessing":[116],"capabilities":[119],"investigated,":[121],"terms":[123],"classification":[125],"accuracy,":[126],"training":[127,142,211],"time,":[128],"number":[130],"parameters.":[132,214],"Thirdly,":[133],"data":[135],"augmentation":[136],"scheme":[137],"generate":[141],"signals":[143],"by":[144],"injecting":[145],"various":[146],"distortions,":[148],"additive":[150],"white":[151],"Gaussian":[152],"noise,":[153],"multi-path,":[154],"Doppler":[156],"shift.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"we":[159],"set":[160],"up":[161],"universal":[163],"software":[164],"peripheral":[166],"experimental":[168],"platform":[169],"identify":[171],"12":[172],"types":[173],"real":[178],"environment.":[180],"Experimental":[181],"results":[182],"validate":[183],"improvement":[185],"schemes.":[189],"The":[190],"spectrogram":[191],"combined":[192],"with":[193,208],"real-valued":[195],"CNN":[196],"recommended":[198],"classification,":[201],"achieves":[203],"an":[204],"accuracy":[205],"97%":[207],"least":[210],"time":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}