{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385656415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3302898","title":"Low-Cost and Low-Frequency Impedance Meter for Soil Water Content Measurement in the Precision Agriculture Scenario","display_name":"Low-Cost and Low-Frequency Impedance Meter for Soil Water Content Measurement in the Precision Agriculture Scenario","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385656415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3302898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3302898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3302898","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10213397.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10213397.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057817980","display_name":"P. Placidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5408-5180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27483092","display_name":"University of Perugia","ror":"https://ror.org/00x27da85","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pisana Placidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy","Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti, 93, Perugia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5408-5180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti, 93, Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070622157","display_name":"Carmine Villani Delle Vergini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2786-4840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27483092","display_name":"University of Perugia","ror":"https://ror.org/00x27da85","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmine Villani Delle Vergini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy","Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti, 93, Perugia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2786-4840","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti, 93, Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076552762","display_name":"Nicola Papini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3441-5215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27483092","display_name":"University of Perugia","ror":"https://ror.org/00x27da85","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Papini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy","Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti, 93, Perugia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3441-5215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti, 93, Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070891639","display_name":"Manuela Cecconi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3353-8248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27483092","display_name":"University of Perugia","ror":"https://ror.org/00x27da85","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuela Cecconi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy","Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti, 93, Perugia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3353-8248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti, 93, Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006132595","display_name":"Paolo Mezzanotte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8335-2663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27483092","display_name":"University of Perugia","ror":"https://ror.org/00x27da85","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Mezzanotte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy","Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti, 93, Perugia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8335-2663","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti, 93, Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086361474","display_name":"A. Scorzoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-5233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27483092","display_name":"University of Perugia","ror":"https://ror.org/00x27da85","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Scorzoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-5233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7762,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91040645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.9442999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitive-sensing","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","score":0.7206975817680359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-content","display_name":"Water content","score":0.6692740321159363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitance","display_name":"Capacitance","score":0.6118513345718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.5402282476425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lcr-meter","display_name":"LCR meter","score":0.5325435996055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-water","display_name":"Soil water","score":0.49593672156333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.453184574842453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-measurement","display_name":"System of measurement","score":0.43884366750717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4315722584724426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4225374460220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4105672538280487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.3541119396686554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3276453912258148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductance","display_name":"Inductance","score":0.2903166711330414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2206348478794098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21243637800216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.09871813654899597}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206755178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131271","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","level":2,"score":0.7206975817680359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.6692740321159363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.6118513345718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.5402282476425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55592779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4198687","display_name":"LCR meter","level":4,"score":0.5325435996055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.49593672156333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.453184574842453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37649242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932268","display_name":"System of measurement","level":2,"score":0.43884366750717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4315722584724426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4225374460220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4105672538280487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.3541119396686554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3276453912258148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29210110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177897","display_name":"Inductance","level":3,"score":0.2903166711330414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2206348478794098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21243637800216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09871813654899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3302898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3302898","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10213397.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3302898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3302898","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/10213397.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385656415.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385656415.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1602680676","https://openalex.org/W1643664725","https://openalex.org/W2025797665","https://openalex.org/W2047199896","https://openalex.org/W2064639133","https://openalex.org/W2098205737","https://openalex.org/W2118205280","https://openalex.org/W2282377530","https://openalex.org/W2331865976","https://openalex.org/W2518399858","https://openalex.org/W2597297500","https://openalex.org/W2604042328","https://openalex.org/W2766231860","https://openalex.org/W2773412386","https://openalex.org/W2773970486","https://openalex.org/W2803771240","https://openalex.org/W2805376676","https://openalex.org/W2901260074","https://openalex.org/W2911796414","https://openalex.org/W2914384716","https://openalex.org/W2916872986","https://openalex.org/W2954994540","https://openalex.org/W3002271316","https://openalex.org/W3015619155","https://openalex.org/W3038019983","https://openalex.org/W3040290979","https://openalex.org/W3041843782","https://openalex.org/W3082945891","https://openalex.org/W3107605476","https://openalex.org/W3163755028","https://openalex.org/W3183247811","https://openalex.org/W3189244874","https://openalex.org/W3211184632","https://openalex.org/W4206717753","https://openalex.org/W4230580200","https://openalex.org/W4283744334","https://openalex.org/W4292883316"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348740411","https://openalex.org/W2051563071","https://openalex.org/W1966596465","https://openalex.org/W2337947459","https://openalex.org/W4386858602","https://openalex.org/W2505169246","https://openalex.org/W2118205267","https://openalex.org/W2126912594","https://openalex.org/W1988444705","https://openalex.org/W4292622326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,102,228],"use":[1],"of":[2,18,46,59,122,144,159,168,172,177,181,216,255],"low-cost":[3,39,256],"embedded":[4],"devices":[5],"with":[6,118,191,202,239],"ubiquitous":[7],"connectivity":[8],"systems":[9,124],"is":[10,100,109,113,226,231],"a":[11,38,43,83,88,114,208,213],"possible":[12,160],"strategy":[13],"to":[14,63,65,68,126,134,140,234,250],"monitor":[15],"the":[16,60,66,71,136,142,145,149,156,169,173,178,182,203,219,224,252],"consumption":[17],"water":[19,49,78,127,190,241,258],"used":[20],"in":[21,24,148,152,163,166],"agriculture":[22],"even":[23],"countries":[25],"that":[26],"do":[27],"not":[28],"have":[29],"good":[30],"economic":[31],"resources.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34,81],"paper,":[35],"we":[36],"propose":[37],"system":[40,85,137,230],"based":[41,86],"on":[42,87],"measuring":[44],"approach":[45],"capacitive":[47,91],"soil":[48,76,238,257],"content":[50,128,259],"sensors":[51],"never":[52],"explored":[53],"previously.":[54],"This":[55],"solution":[56],"takes":[57],"advantage":[58],"sensor":[61,92,146],"properties":[62],"respond":[64],"need":[67],"measure":[69],"at":[70],"same":[72],"time":[73],"salinity":[74],"and":[75,93,139,151,195,212,221,243],"volumetric":[77],"content.":[79],"For":[80],"purpose,":[82],"bi-functional":[84],"modified":[89],"commercial":[90],"an":[94],"AD5933":[95],"impedance":[96,107,143],"converter":[97],"integrated":[98],"circuit":[99],"described.":[101],"considered":[103],"frequency":[104],"range":[105,116],"for":[106,218,223],"measurements":[108,204],"10-100":[110],"kHz,":[111],"which":[112,154],"\u201clow-frequency\u201d":[115],"compared":[117,201],"typical":[119],"operating":[120,161],"frequencies":[121],"professional":[123],"devoted":[125],"measurements.":[129],"Measurements":[130],"are":[131,185,200],"carried":[132],"out":[133],"check":[135],"accuracy":[138],"characterize":[141,235],"both":[147],"air":[150],"water,":[153],"represent":[155],"two":[157],"boundaries":[158],"conditions":[162],"physical":[164],"soils":[165],"terms":[167],"real":[170],"part":[171,180],"electrical":[174,183],"permittivity.":[175],"Variations":[176],"imaginary":[179],"permittivity":[184],"taken":[186],"into":[187],"account":[188],"using":[189,207],"conductivity":[192],"between":[193],"1":[194],"2300":[196],"\u03bcS/cm.":[197],"Experimental":[198],"results":[199,248],"obtained":[205],"by":[206],"laboratory":[209],"LCR":[210],"meter":[211],"maximum":[214],"error":[215],"+6.12%":[217],"capacitance":[220],"+5.6%":[222],"conductance":[225],"obtained.":[227],"proposed":[229],"also":[232],"employed":[233],"silica":[236],"sandy":[237],"different":[240],"contents":[242],"conductivities":[244],"showing":[245],"quite":[246],"promising":[247],"useful":[249],"overcome":[251],"well-known":[253],"limits":[254],"sensors.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
