{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385062326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3297230","title":"A Review on Non-RF Underground Positioning Techniques for Mining Applications","display_name":"A Review on Non-RF Underground Positioning Techniques for Mining Applications","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385062326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3297230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3297230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3297230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055654903","display_name":"Mohammad Zeeshan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0844-9235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Zeeshan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Sensors, Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, Centre for Sensors, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0844-9235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Sensors, Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, Centre for Sensors, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040987997","display_name":"Mudra Chavda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6756-0886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mudra Chavda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Sensors, Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, Centre for Sensors, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6756-0886","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Sensors, Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, Centre for Sensors, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029219461","display_name":"Khan Mohammad Ehshan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khan Mohammad Ehshan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Sensors, Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, Centre for Sensors, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6679-5326","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Sensors, Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, Centre for Sensors, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091135296","display_name":"Rajdip Nayek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4277-8382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajdip Nayek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4277-8382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040447469","display_name":"Shahid Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3328-9309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahid Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Sensors, Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, Centre for Sensors, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3328-9309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Sensors, Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instrumentation and Cyber Physical System Engineering, Centre for Sensors, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4989,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93297666,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underground-mining","display_name":"Underground mining (soft rock)","score":0.6839253902435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5130611658096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultra-high-frequency","display_name":"Ultra high frequency","score":0.4887223243713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4796503186225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-interference","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","score":0.43103542923927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.42865097522735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.417484849691391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3846800625324249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38006752729415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coal-mining","display_name":"Coal mining","score":0.33051109313964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18765592575073242}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780486870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105965361","display_name":"Underground mining (soft rock)","level":4,"score":0.6839253902435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5130611658096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96122199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628096","display_name":"Ultra high frequency","level":2,"score":0.4887223243713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4796503186225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.43103542923927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.42865097522735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.417484849691391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3846800625324249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38006752729415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108615695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12880211","display_name":"Coal mining","level":3,"score":0.33051109313964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18765592575073242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518851703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489","display_name":"Coal","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3297230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3297230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":167,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114645124","https://openalex.org/W187539745","https://openalex.org/W211346643","https://openalex.org/W248093025","https://openalex.org/W757074426","https://openalex.org/W1482390232","https://openalex.org/W1496431500","https://openalex.org/W1498386462","https://openalex.org/W1506533960","https://openalex.org/W1673319420","https://openalex.org/W1970038196","https://openalex.org/W1982686915","https://openalex.org/W1989973190","https://openalex.org/W1997209320","https://openalex.org/W2001179691","https://openalex.org/W2003076563","https://openalex.org/W2009499045","https://openalex.org/W2014629162","https://openalex.org/W2020900852","https://openalex.org/W2021007911","https://openalex.org/W2022568131","https://openalex.org/W2025597210","https://openalex.org/W2028272299","https://openalex.org/W2030023596","https://openalex.org/W2034366499","https://openalex.org/W2035918612","https://openalex.org/W2038750143","https://openalex.org/W2039404291","https://openalex.org/W2050835902","https://openalex.org/W2059068775","https://openalex.org/W2067176120","https://openalex.org/W2068109225","https://openalex.org/W2074763520","https://openalex.org/W2082515199","https://openalex.org/W2088259611","https://openalex.org/W2091489071","https://openalex.org/W2092304636","https://openalex.org/W2098635592","https://openalex.org/W2098649989","https://openalex.org/W2103561449","https://openalex.org/W2111697380","https://openalex.org/W2119717304","https://openalex.org/W2123068486","https://openalex.org/W2128587884","https://openalex.org/W2144644352","https://openalex.org/W2151549691","https://openalex.org/W2161138734","https://openalex.org/W2167222809","https://openalex.org/W2169704549","https://openalex.org/W2170609981","https://openalex.org/W2172741682","https://openalex.org/W2281731205","https://openalex.org/W2290119369","https://openalex.org/W2295753081","https://openalex.org/W2311991747","https://openalex.org/W2323473861","https://openalex.org/W2337231673","https://openalex.org/W2483962956","https://openalex.org/W2509369351","https://openalex.org/W2527433813","https://openalex.org/W2528814683","https://openalex.org/W2543950244","https://openalex.org/W2560075251","https://openalex.org/W2565473978","https://openalex.org/W2566530308","https://openalex.org/W2585328055","https://openalex.org/W2591088181","https://openalex.org/W2592492581","https://openalex.org/W2595547504","https://openalex.org/W2598934423","https://openalex.org/W2607258195","https://openalex.org/W2611757362","https://openalex.org/W2620961717","https://openalex.org/W2736914210","https://openalex.org/W2738012583","https://openalex.org/W2738789059","https://openalex.org/W2739935974","https://openalex.org/W2762731806","https://openalex.org/W2765698960","https://openalex.org/W2769685897","https://openalex.org/W2775448981","https://openalex.org/W2781901404","https://openalex.org/W2782742784","https://openalex.org/W2787095218","https://openalex.org/W2790749309","https://openalex.org/W2802162059","https://openalex.org/W2804587765","https://openalex.org/W2892213399","https://openalex.org/W2940101797","https://openalex.org/W2946705741","https://openalex.org/W2953529749","https://openalex.org/W2956107375","https://openalex.org/W2962817062","https://openalex.org/W2968489055","https://openalex.org/W2968585849","https://openalex.org/W2977364979","https://openalex.org/W2979405749","https://openalex.org/W2985031189","https://openalex.org/W2992379457","https://openalex.org/W2998294810","https://openalex.org/W2999392078","https://openalex.org/W3000738718","https://openalex.org/W3001211194","https://openalex.org/W3003483745","https://openalex.org/W3009570207","https://openalex.org/W3015022426","https://openalex.org/W3015570688","https://openalex.org/W3017307706","https://openalex.org/W3020341551","https://openalex.org/W3030402745","https://openalex.org/W3043225231","https://openalex.org/W3047491762","https://openalex.org/W3094361608","https://openalex.org/W3095730650","https://openalex.org/W3101674493","https://openalex.org/W3111288590","https://openalex.org/W3112162098","https://openalex.org/W3113356856","https://openalex.org/W3127247879","https://openalex.org/W3131461523","https://openalex.org/W3131830212","https://openalex.org/W3133993667","https://openalex.org/W3134835406","https://openalex.org/W3154016955","https://openalex.org/W3156742042","https://openalex.org/W3158240554","https://openalex.org/W3158380703","https://openalex.org/W3160930955","https://openalex.org/W3191926360","https://openalex.org/W3197756397","https://openalex.org/W3198864571","https://openalex.org/W3200630611","https://openalex.org/W3214186435","https://openalex.org/W3216185580","https://openalex.org/W4200390541","https://openalex.org/W4205868740","https://openalex.org/W4206568575","https://openalex.org/W4213134579","https://openalex.org/W4213267237","https://openalex.org/W4214820511","https://openalex.org/W4220812406","https://openalex.org/W4220863706","https://openalex.org/W4229366386","https://openalex.org/W4240592325","https://openalex.org/W4250601676","https://openalex.org/W4255307822","https://openalex.org/W4282916316","https://openalex.org/W4292862239","https://openalex.org/W4293176183","https://openalex.org/W4293340536","https://openalex.org/W4295916809","https://openalex.org/W4307134410","https://openalex.org/W4307240556","https://openalex.org/W4312710397","https://openalex.org/W4313059118","https://openalex.org/W4313291162","https://openalex.org/W4313839109","https://openalex.org/W4313889619","https://openalex.org/W6622323382","https://openalex.org/W6684853653","https://openalex.org/W6698690826","https://openalex.org/W6703476092","https://openalex.org/W6728136330","https://openalex.org/W6737202567","https://openalex.org/W6751879278","https://openalex.org/W6780476884","https://openalex.org/W6990182213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170963972","https://openalex.org/W4361733042","https://openalex.org/W2370263117","https://openalex.org/W2105102848","https://openalex.org/W2157713369","https://openalex.org/W1999714280","https://openalex.org/W2119900050","https://openalex.org/W3021393302","https://openalex.org/W2139402426","https://openalex.org/W4312876641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Positioning":[0],"systems":[1,21,76,89],"are":[2,22,77,90,101],"widely":[3],"used":[4,23],"to":[5,24,46,55,58,94,107,195],"determine":[6],"the":[7,26,48,81,116,143,185,188,197],"location":[8,27],"of":[9,28,50,190,201],"objects":[10],"or":[11],"individuals":[12],"in":[13,37,122,180],"a":[14],"given":[15],"environment.":[16,83],"In":[17],"underground":[18,82,104,124,163,181,202],"mines,":[19],"these":[20],"track":[25],"miners":[29],"and":[30,32,39,52,54,71,112,119,139,157,172,174,199],"equipment":[31,53,69],"ensure":[33],"that":[34,126],"they":[35],"operate":[36],"safe":[38],"efficient":[40],"areas.":[41],"It":[42],"allows":[43,135],"mine":[44,125],"operators":[45],"monitor":[47],"whereabouts":[49],"personnel":[51],"respond":[56],"quickly":[57],"emergencies.":[59],"Additionally,":[60],"accurate":[61,138],"positioning":[62,75,141,160,193],"information":[63],"can":[64,127],"optimize":[65,196],"mining":[66,105,182,203],"operations,":[67],"improve":[68],"utilization,":[70],"reduce":[72],"costs.":[73],"Global":[74],"not":[78],"suitable":[79],"for":[80,103,136,159,178],"The":[84,97,165],"ultra-high":[85],"frequency":[86,131],"(UHF)":[87],"based":[88],"also":[91],"unsuitable":[92],"due":[93,106],"extreme":[95],"attenuation.":[96],"non-radio-frequency":[98],"(non-RF)":[99],"techniques":[100],"preferred":[102],"their":[108,176],"relatively":[109],"small":[110],"attenuation":[111],"interference":[113],"caused":[114],"by":[115],"surrounding":[117],"rock":[118],"mineral":[120],"formations":[121],"an":[123,162],"occur":[128],"with":[129],"radio":[130],"(RF)":[132],"signals.":[133],"This":[134,145],"more":[137],"reliable":[140],"within":[142,161],"mine.":[144,164],"research":[146],"paper":[147],"compares":[148],"non-RF":[149],"techniques,":[150],"such":[151],"as":[152],"magnetic":[153],"induction,":[154],"visible":[155],"light,":[156],"acoustic,":[158],"study":[166,186],"evaluates":[167],"each":[168],"technique\u2019s":[169],"accuracy,":[170],"reliability,":[171],"feasibility":[173],"discusses":[175],"potential":[177],"use":[179],"environments.":[183],"Overall,":[184],"highlights":[187],"importance":[189],"considering":[191],"multiple":[192],"options":[194],"safety":[198],"productivity":[200],"operations.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T13:55:48.251075","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
